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# leex (parsetools v2.7)

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Lexical analyzer generator for Erlang

A regular expression based lexical analyzer generator for Erlang, similar to `lex` or `flex`.

#### Note

The `leex` module was considered experimental when it was introduced.

## Default Leex Options

The (host operating system) environment variable `ERL_COMPILER_OPTIONS` can be used to give default Leex options. Its value must be a valid Erlang term. If the value is a list, it is used as is. If it is not a list, it is put into a list.

The list is appended to any options given to `file/2`.

The list can be retrieved with `compile:env_compiler_options/0`.

## Input File Format

Erlang style comments starting with a `%` are allowed in scanner files. A definition file has the following format:

    <Header>

    Definitions.

    <Macro Definitions>

    Rules.

    <Token Rules>

    Erlang code.

    <Erlang code>

The `Definitions.`, `Rules.`, and `Erlang code` headings are mandatory and must start at the beginning of a source line. The `<Header>`, `<Macro Definitions>`, and `<Erlang code>` sections are allowed to be empty, but there must be at least one rule.

Macro definitions have the following format:

    NAME = VALUE

and there must be spaces around `=`. Macros can be used in the regular expressions of rules by writing `{NAME}`.

#### Note

When macros are expanded in expressions, the macro calls are replaced by the macro value without any form of quoting or enclosing in parentheses.

Rules have the following format:

    <Regexp> : <Erlang code>.

The `<Regexp>` must occur at the start of a line and not include any blanks; use `\t` and `\s` to include TAB and SPACE characters in the regular expression. If `<Regexp>` matches then the corresponding `<Erlang code>` is evaluated to generate a token. With the Erlang code the following predefined variables are available:

- `TokenChars` - A list of the characters in the matched token.

- `TokenLen` - The number of characters in the matched token.

- `TokenLine` - The line number where the token occurred.

- `TokenCol` - The column number where the token occurred (column of the first character included in the token).

- `TokenLoc` - Token location. Expands to `{TokenLine,TokenCol}` (even when `error_location` is set to `line`).

The code must return:

- `{token,Token}` - Return `Token` to the caller.

- `{end_token,Token}` - Return `Token` and is last token in a tokens call.

- `skip_token` - Skip this token completely.

- `{error,ErrString}` - An error in the token, `ErrString` is a string describing the error.

It is also possible to push back characters into the input characters with the following returns:

- `{token,Token,PushBackList}`
- `{end_token,Token,PushBackList}`
- `{skip_token,PushBackList}`

These have the same meanings as the normal returns but the characters in `PushBackList` will be prepended to the input characters and scanned for the next token. Note that pushing back a newline will mean the line numbering will no longer be correct.

#### Note

Pushing back characters gives you unexpected possibilities to cause the scanner to loop!

The following example would match a simple Erlang integer or float and return a token which could be sent to the Erlang parser:

    D = [0-9]

    {D}+ :
      {token,{integer,TokenLine,list_to_integer(TokenChars)}}.

    {D}+\.{D}+((E|e)(\+|\-)?{D}+)? :
      {token,{float,TokenLine,list_to_float(TokenChars)}}.

The Erlang code in the `Erlang code.` section is written into the output file directly after the module declaration and predefined exports declaration, making it possible to add extra exports, define imports, and other attributes, which are visible in the whole file.

## Regular Expressions

The regular expressions allowed here is a subset of the set found in `egrep` and in the AWK programming language, as defined in the book The AWK Programming Language by A. V. Aho, B. W. Kernighan, and P. J. Weinberger. They are composed of the following characters:

- `c` - Matches the non-metacharacter c.

- `\c` - Matches the escape sequence or literal character c.

- `.` - Matches any character.

- `^` - Matches the beginning of a string.

- `$` - Matches the end of a string.

- `[abc...]` - Character class, which matches any of the characters `abc...`. Character ranges are specified by a pair of characters separated by a `-`.

- `[^abc...]` - Negated character class, which matches any character except `abc...`.

- `r1 | r2` - Alternation. It matches either `r1` or `r2`.

- `r1r2` - Concatenation. It matches `r1` and then `r2`.

- `r+` - Matches one or more `r`s.

- `r*` - Matches zero or more `r`s.

- `r?` - Matches zero or one `r`s.

- `(r)` - Grouping. It matches `r`.

The escape sequences allowed are the same as for Erlang strings:

- `\b` - Backspace.

- `\f` - Form feed.

- `\n` - Newline (line feed).

- `\r` - Carriage return.

- `\t` - Tab.

- `\e` - Escape.

- `\v` - Vertical tab.

- `\s` - Space.

- `\d` - Delete.

- `\ddd` - The octal value `ddd`.

- `\xhh` - The hexadecimal value `hh`.

- `\x{h...}` - The hexadecimal value `h...`.

- `\c` - Any other character literally, for example `\\` for backslash, `\"` for `"`.

The following examples define simplified versions of a few Erlang data types:

    Atoms [a-z][0-9a-zA-Z_]*

    Variables [A-Z_][0-9a-zA-Z_]*

    Floats (\+|-)?[0-9]+\.[0-9]+((E|e)(\+|-)?[0-9]+)?

#### Note

Anchoring a regular expression with `^` and `$` is not implemented in the current version of `leex` and generates a parse error.

# Summary

## Types

error_info()

The standard `error_info/0` structure that is returned from all I/O modules. `ErrorDescriptor` is formattable by `format_error/1`.

error_ret()
errors()
leex_ret()
ok_ret()
warnings()

## Generated Scanner Exports

string(String)

Equivalent to `string(String, 1)`.

string(String, StartLoc)

Scans `String` and returns either all the tokens in it or an `error` tuple.

token(Cont, Chars)

Equivalent to `token(Cont, Chars, 1)`.

token(Cont, Chars, StartLoc)

This is a re-entrant call to try and scan a single token from `Chars`.

tokens(Cont, Chars)

Equivalent to `tokens(Cont, Chars, 1)`.

tokens(Cont, Chars, StartLoc)

This is a re-entrant call to try and scan tokens from `Chars`.

## Functions

file(FileName)

Equivalent to `file(File, [])`.

file(FileName, Options)

Generates a lexical analyzer from the definition in the input file.

format_error(ErrorDescriptor)

Returns a descriptive string in English of an error reason `ErrorDescriptor` returned by `leex:file/1,2` when there is an error in a regular expression.

# Types

# error_info()

(not exported)

    -type error_info() :: {erl_anno:line() | none, module(), ErrorDescriptor :: term()}.

The standard `error_info/0` structure that is returned from all I/O modules. `ErrorDescriptor` is formattable by `format_error/1`.

# error_ret()

(not exported)

    -type error_ret() :: error | {error, Errors :: errors(), Warnings :: warnings()}.

# errors()

(not exported)

    -type errors() :: [{file:filename(), [error_info()]}].

# leex_ret()

(not exported)

    -type leex_ret() :: ok_ret() | error_ret().

# ok_ret()

(not exported)

    -type ok_ret() ::
              {ok, Scannerfile :: file:filename()} | {ok, Scannerfile :: file:filename(), warnings()}.

# warnings()

(not exported)

    -type warnings() :: [{file:filename(), [error_info()]}].

# Generated Scanner Exports

# string(String)

    -spec string(String) -> StringRet
                    when
                        String :: string(),
                        StringRet :: {ok, Tokens, EndLoc} | ErrorInfo,
                        Tokens :: [Token],
                        Token :: term(),
                        ErrorInfo :: {error, error_info(), erl_anno:location()},
                        EndLoc :: erl_anno:location().

Equivalent to `string(String, 1)`.

# string(String, StartLoc)

    -spec string(String, StartLoc) -> StringRet
                    when
                        String :: string(),
                        StringRet :: {ok, Tokens, EndLoc} | ErrorInfo,
                        Tokens :: [Token],
                        Token :: term(),
                        ErrorInfo :: {error, error_info(), erl_anno:location()},
                        StartLoc :: erl_anno:location(),
                        EndLoc :: erl_anno:location().

Scans `String` and returns either all the tokens in it or an `error` tuple.

`StartLoc` and `EndLoc` are either `erl_anno:line()` or `erl_anno:location()`, depending on the `error_location` option.

#### Note

It is an error if not all of the characters in `String` are consumed.

# token(Cont, Chars)

    -spec token(Cont, Chars) -> {more, Cont1} | {done, TokenRet, RestChars}
                   when
                       Cont :: [] | Cont1,
                       Cont1 :: tuple(),
                       Chars :: string() | eof,
                       RestChars :: string() | eof,
                       TokenRet :: {ok, Token, EndLoc} | {eof, EndLoc} | ErrorInfo,
                       ErrorInfo :: {error, error_info(), erl_anno:location()},
                       Token :: term(),
                       EndLoc :: erl_anno:location().

Equivalent to `token(Cont, Chars, 1)`.

# token(Cont, Chars, StartLoc)

    -spec token(Cont, Chars, StartLoc) -> {more, Cont1} | {done, TokenRet, RestChars}
                   when
                       Cont :: [] | Cont1,
                       Cont1 :: tuple(),
                       Chars :: string() | eof,
                       RestChars :: string() | eof,
                       TokenRet :: {ok, Token, EndLoc} | {eof, EndLoc} | ErrorInfo,
                       ErrorInfo :: {error, error_info(), erl_anno:location()},
                       Token :: term(),
                       StartLoc :: erl_anno:location(),
                       EndLoc :: erl_anno:location().

This is a re-entrant call to try and scan a single token from `Chars`.

If there are enough characters in `Chars` to either scan a token or detect an error then this will be returned with `{done,...}`. Otherwise `{cont,Cont}` will be returned where `Cont` is used in the next call to `token()` with more characters to try an scan the token. This is continued until a token has been scanned. `Cont` is initially `[]`.

It is not designed to be called directly by an application, but is used through the I/O system where it can typically be called in an application by:

    io:request(InFile, {get_until,unicode,Prompt,Module,token,[Loc]})
      -> TokenRet

# tokens(Cont, Chars)

    -spec tokens(Cont, Chars) -> {more, Cont1} | {done, TokensRet, RestChars}
                    when
                        Cont :: [] | Cont1,
                        Cont1 :: tuple(),
                        Chars :: string() | eof,
                        RestChars :: string() | eof,
                        TokensRet :: {ok, Tokens, EndLoc} | {eof, EndLoc} | ErrorInfo,
                        Tokens :: [Token],
                        Token :: term(),
                        ErrorInfo :: {error, error_info(), erl_anno:location()},
                        EndLoc :: erl_anno:location().

Equivalent to `tokens(Cont, Chars, 1)`.

# tokens(Cont, Chars, StartLoc)

    -spec tokens(Cont, Chars, StartLoc) -> {more, Cont1} | {done, TokensRet, RestChars}
                    when
                        Cont :: [] | Cont1,
                        Cont1 :: tuple(),
                        Chars :: string() | eof,
                        RestChars :: string() | eof,
                        TokensRet :: {ok, Tokens, EndLoc} | {eof, EndLoc} | ErrorInfo,
                        Tokens :: [Token],
                        Token :: term(),
                        ErrorInfo :: {error, error_info(), erl_anno:location()},
                        StartLoc :: erl_anno:location(),
                        EndLoc :: erl_anno:location().

This is a re-entrant call to try and scan tokens from `Chars`.

If there are enough characters in `Chars` to either scan tokens or detect an error then this will be returned with `{done,...}`. Otherwise `{cont,Cont}` will be returned where `Cont` is used in the next call to `tokens()` with more characters to try an scan the tokens. This is continued until all tokens have been scanned. `Cont` is initially `[]`.

This functions differs from `token` in that it will continue to scan tokens up to and including an `{end_token,Token}` has been scanned (see next section). It will then return all the tokens. This is typically used for scanning grammars like Erlang where there is an explicit end token, `'.'`. If no end token is found then the whole file will be scanned and returned. If an error occurs then all tokens up to and including the next end token will be skipped.

It is not designed to be called directly by an application, but used through the I/O system where it can typically be called in an application by:

    io:request(InFile, {get_until,unicode,Prompt,Module,tokens,[Loc]})
      -> TokensRet

# Functions

# file(FileName)

    -spec file(FileName) -> leex_ret() when FileName :: file:filename().

Equivalent to `file(File, [])`.

# file(FileName, Options)

(since OTP R16B02)

    -spec file(FileName, Options) -> leex_ret()
                  when
                      FileName :: file:filename(),
                      Options :: Option | [Option],
                      Option ::
                          {dfa_graph, boolean()} |
                          {includefile, Includefile :: file:filename()} |
                          {report_errors, boolean()} |
                          {report_warnings, boolean()} |
                          {report, boolean()} |
                          {return_errors, boolean()} |
                          {return_warnings, boolean()} |
                          {return, boolean()} |
                          {scannerfile, Scannerfile :: file:filename()} |
                          {verbose, boolean()} |
                          {warnings_as_errors, boolean()} |
                          {deterministic, boolean()} |
                          {error_location, line | column} |
                          {tab_size, pos_integer()} |
                          dfa_graph | report_errors | report_warnings | report | return_errors |
                          return_warnings | return | verbose | warnings_as_errors.

Generates a lexical analyzer from the definition in the input file.

The input file has the extension `.xrl`. This is added to the filename if it is not given. The resulting module is the Xrl filename without the `.xrl` extension.

The current options are:

- `dfa_graph` - Generates a `.dot` file which contains a description of the DFA in a format which can be viewed with Graphviz, `www.graphviz.com`.

- `{includefile,Includefile}` - Uses a specific or customised prologue file instead of default `lib/parsetools/include/leexinc.hrl` which is otherwise included.

- `{report_errors, boolean()}` - Causes errors to be printed as they occur. Default is `true`.

- `{report_warnings, boolean()}` - Causes warnings to be printed as they occur. Default is `true`.

- `{report, boolean()}` - This is a short form for both `report_errors` and `report_warnings`.

- `{return_errors, boolean()}` - If this flag is set, `{error, Errors, Warnings}` is returned when there are errors. Default is `false`.

- `{return_warnings, boolean()}` - If this flag is set, an extra field containing `Warnings` is added to the tuple returned upon success. Default is `false`.

- `{return, boolean()}` - This is a short form for both `return_errors` and `return_warnings`.

- `{scannerfile, Scannerfile}` - `Scannerfile` is the name of the file that will contain the Erlang scanner code that is generated. The default (`""`) is to add the extension `.erl` to `FileName` stripped of the `.xrl` extension.

- `{verbose, boolean()}` - Outputs information from parsing the input file and generating the internal tables.

- `{warnings_as_errors, boolean()}` - Causes warnings to be treated as errors.

- `{deterministic, boolean()}` - Causes generated `-file()` attributes to only include the basename of the file path.

- `{error_location, line | column}` - If set to `column`, error location will be `{Line,Column}` tuple instead of just `Line`. Also, `StartLoc` and `EndLoc` in `string/2`, `token/3`, and `tokens/3` functions will be `{Line,Column}` tuple instead of just `Line`. Default is `line`. Note that you can use `TokenLoc` for token location independently, even if the `error_location` is set to `line`.

  Unicode characters are counted as many columns as they use bytes to represent.

- `{tab_size, pos_integer()}` - Sets the width of `\t` character (only relevant if `error_location` is set to `column`). Default is `8`.

Any of the Boolean options can be set to `true` by stating the name of the option. For example, `verbose` is equivalent to `{verbose, true}`.

Leex will add the extension `.hrl` to the `Includefile` name and the extension `.erl` to the `Scannerfile` name, unless the extension is already there.

# format_error(ErrorDescriptor)

    -spec format_error(ErrorDescriptor) -> io_lib:chars() when ErrorDescriptor :: term().

Returns a descriptive string in English of an error reason `ErrorDescriptor` returned by `leex:file/1,2` when there is an error in a regular expression.