  Linux Netstation  mini-HOWTO
  Kris Buytaert, Kris.Buytaert@advalvas.be
  v0.99p18, 26 December 1999

  This document tries to describe how to hook up a IBM Netstation to
  your local network using a Linux box as server.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents


  1. Introduction

     1.1 General Intro
     1.2 Changes in the new versions.

  2. Requirements

     2.1 Hardware
     2.2 Software
        2.2.1 IBM Software.
        2.2.2 NFS Server.
        2.2.3 X Server.
        2.2.4 DHCP Server If you have multiple NC's, you may wish to distribute the IP Adresses by using a DHCP Server how to obtain and configure a DHCP server can be read in the

  3. Other Useful Documentation

  4. Setting up the Server side

     4.1 AIX License
     4.2 The Real Operating System
        4.2.1 Setting up the nfs server
        4.2.2 Setting up the X server

  5. Configuring the Thin Client

     5.1 Older Versions
        5.1.1 Setting up TCP/IP
        5.1.2 Setting Up the Boot Parameters
        5.1.3 Setting Up the Monitor
        5.1.4 Further Configuration
     5.2 Newer Versions

  6. Misc Stuf

     6.1 TroubleShooting
     6.2 Experiences
     6.3 Connecting through a network into the NC         The network station allows configuration access via telnet sessions on several ports. The ones I know are by default configured like this:
        6.3.1 Port 5978
        6.3.2 Port 5999 CONFIGD Use this port to do remote configuration for the NC by an telnet session (telnet NC-IPaddr 5999).
     6.4 Port 161/udp - SNMP Access
        6.4.1 Some general statement
        6.4.2 How to configure network management ?
        6.4.3 How to start managing?
        6.4.4 What do you manage?
     6.5 IBM Software Releases
     6.6 NetworkStation Manager
     6.7 Configuration file statements
     6.8 Printing
     6.9 PCMCIA Memory Cards

  7. Credits

  8. History


  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  Introduction

  1.1.  General Intro

  Some unused piece of delicious hardware floating around on my desk.
  Screaming to be used. 40 MBof ram and a 403 PPC inside.

  So I decided to give it a try and connect it to my local Linux
  network.  I want to thank the company I work for because they gave me
  the chance to experiment with it.

  In this (Mini-Howto) we'll be dealing with an IBM Network Station
  model 8361-100, other models may be featured in the future.

  We also have some additional info about the other 2 models. The
  8361-200 (Model 300)  and the 8362-A23 (Model 1000).  More info can be
  found at http://www.pc.ibm.com/networkstation/products/


  I'm trying to describe how I setup the NC, there are probably lots of
  other ways to set up this machine, however this one works fine.  Any
  other remarks you might have from your own experience are welcome.
  (Free Hardware too ;-))

  This MINI Howto is not trying to be the Bible on NC's and Linux, it's
  trying to get you started.  Contributions to this NC are most welcome.

  During the past year I have received numerous comments on the HOWTO
  and lots of help from other people (suprisingly a lot from inside
  IBM).   I've been busy therefore now is the first time that I'm trying
  to do a real update of the HOWTO.  Most people are asking me about
  Linux binaries to extract the AIX distribution file.  I have heard
  about an internal IBM project that is going on there but I have no
  accurate info on that matter yet.



  Things we still have to implement in this Howto

  o  How to export your homedir

  o  How to run applications

  o  How to run Java Applets

  Help is appreciated ;-)



  1.2.  Changes in the new versions.


  The new version comes with a new kernel and some changes in the
  applications.  The kernel  can now be downloaded as a compressed file
  which speeds up the process.

  Starting with the Network Station 3.0, you need a new Boot Monitor or
  boot PROM (aka Firmware) with the version 3.0.x or later. You
  NetworkStation won't work with a older boot PROM (aka Firmware) and
  the new Network Station 3.x kernel.  If you buy a new NetworkStation,
  you always get one of the latest PROMs Older versions can be
  automatically updated from a boot server, from which the new boot PROM
  get's downloaded.

  There also is a new layout of the Setup Utility where you define you
  basic network settings of your Network Station.



  2.  Requirements

  2.1.  Hardware


  An NC, connected to your local Network, most likely by a UTP
  connection , thus via a cross-cable or HUB connecting to an Server -
  in this case a Linux Box Basically the NC is Made to work with either
  AS/400 , Windows NT or AIX Servers. These are all expensive solutions,
  however working with thin clients doesnt have to cost that much.

  The model I have at my disposal is an IBM Network Station model
  8361-100, On the inside you can find an 403PPC chip, some S3 vga
  components, an PCMCIA slot, and normal 72 pin (parity ??) sims.  I
  found 8+32 Mb in my edition.

  Actually those 40Mb were major overkill.  In full operation modes
  with lot's of configuration panels a couple of telnet sessions and a X
  -query open only took up about 4Mb of ram.  )   So taking out the 32Mb
  showed absolutely no significant loss of speed.


  Well, after working more with the Netstation, specially with Navio I
  found out Navio sucks up as much 27-30 Mb.  So those 40 Mb`s really
  aren`t that much of an overkill



  We proved it was no problem setting it up on a Linux only network.
  You'll need a server that can provide you both with about 25Mb of free
  diskspace for the software, and the capacities to run an X -query.
  In the setup overhere we used a 486DX50 with 8Mb as a fileserver and I
  switch between another  486DX266 (PS/2 85) with 32Mb, and my Multia
  with 48Mb as the X server Of course, the fatster machines the better.



  2.2.  Software



  2.2.1.  IBM Software.


  NC kernel, fonts etc.

  In order to boot the NC you will need its Kernel and fonts.  About
  25Mb of files are needed on the server.  They can be found on an AIX
  4.X with the Netstation modules installed.  Or from the IBM Netstation
  Download Page



  2.2.2.  NFS Server.

  A working NFS server, like in every default Linux distribution.
  Approx 85Mb of diskspace has to be exported to the NC.



  2.2.3.  X Server.

  Any machine running XDM with enough memory, processor power will do.
  You don't need to have X configured on the machine itselve, it can be
  a monitor-less server. Basic X Windows install will provide you with
  the necessary deamons.



  There is the possibility to run a local X11 server which may avoid
  some network traffic.  The new version supports a standard X11  and a
  Motif X11 server.  Using  a configurable menu or by allowing telnet
  sessions you may access other computers/servers on the network.

  You may also be able to export applications to your Netstation display
  withouth actually using XDM . You might want to run an extra window
  manager.  This can be done by telnetting into the remote box and
  typing export DISPLAY=nc_ipnr:0 and afterwards running the application
  you want to use.



  Optional


  2.2.4.  If you have multiple NC's, you may wish to distribute the IP
  Adresses by using a DHCP Server how to obtain and configure a DHCP
  server can be read in the DHCP Mini Howto on sunsite DHCP Server



  3.  Other Useful Documentation

  The IBM Website lots of documentation on the NC, most of it can be
  found in PDF  format.

  The latest updates can be found at
  http://www.as4000.ibm.com/networkstation/rs6000/ including

  o  IBM Network Station Runtime Environment for RS/6000 Users's Guide

  o  IBM Network Station Runtime Environment for RS/6000 System
     Administrator's Guide

  o  IBM Network Station Runtime Environment for RS/6000 System Navio NC
     Navigator Browser Guide

     Or from http://www.ibm.com/nc/pubs/

  o  IBM Network Station Setup and Use

  4.  Setting up the Server side

  You found all the software you needed.  Now let's install them.

  4.1.  AIX License

  Before making the tarball on the aix machine, make sure you run
  /usr/netstation/bin/agree in order to make the kernel in a usable
  format.  Probably you will have to do the same thing with the tarball
  you get from the IBM website.  So finding the kernel separatly might
  be another solution.  Find a drive with about 25Mb of free diskspace,
  I use /usr/netstation/, and unpack the tarbal either from the IBM
  website or from an AIX machine.  There is no need in using the approx
  60Mb from /usr/netstation/doc on the disk if you don't have enough
  diskspace.
  4.2.  The Real Operating System



  4.2.1.  Setting up the nfs server

  Edit your /etc/exports, add the line /usr/netstation   10.0.0.50(rw)
  Where 10.0.0.50 is the IP address you want to give to the NC.  Restart
  your nfs deamon.



  [root@velvet sdog]# ps auxf |grep rpc

  sdog      4145  0.0  5.8   828   384  p1 S   03:55   0:00          \_
  grep rpc

  root      3120  0.0  5.7   944   380  ?  S  Feb 27   0:00 rpc.mountd

  root      3129  0.0  1.5   880   100  ?  S  Feb 27   0:10 rpc.nfsd

  [root@velvet sdog]# kill -9 3120 3129 ; /usr/sbin/rpc.mountd ;
  /usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd

  or on a RedHat-like system easier



  [root@velvet init.d]# pwd

  /etc/rc.d/init.d

  [root@velvet init.d]# ./nfs restart

  Restarting NFS services: rpc.nfsd rpc.mountd done.

  [root@velvet init.d]#



  Your NC should now be able to mount the /usr/netsation by NFS.

  Bascially if you don`t need X-Windows this is as far as it gets.  You
  can easily telnet from your NC with nothing more installed.  However
  the beauty of this thing is it`s X capability.

  4.2.2.  Setting up the X server

  Next we have to set up the X server.  Basically I didn't need to set
  up anything, all of my machines that ran X-Windows were configured to
  accept connections.  I just started up the NC for the first time and
  it showed me all the machines that ran an XDM (cfr running an X
  -indirect).  So any machine that can run xdm can be used as X Server.
  Just make sure XDM is So any machine that can run xdm can be used as X
  Server.  Just make sure XDM is started.

  Everything on the server side should be setup now.  Lets try the NC
  side.



  5.  Configuring the Thin Client



  5.1.  Older Versions

  Unplug the network cable from the NC. Then boot it up.

  After checking its Memory, VGA etc, it will boot into the  IBM Network
  Station Setup Utility.  Basically you can manage everything from this
  menu system.  The main parts will be described here.

  5.1.1.  Setting up TCP/IP

  Section 5 (F5) : Your network setup should look something like this :


  IP Addressed From                                NVRAM

  Network Station IP Adress                        10.0.0.50

  First Boot Host IP Adress                        10.0.0.1

  Second Boot Host IP Adress                       10.0.0.11

  Third Boot Host IP Adress                        0.0.0.0

  Gateway IP Adress                                10.0.0.1

  Subnet Mask                                      255.255.255.0

  Broadcast IP Adress                              10.0.0.255

  Ethernet Standard                                Version 2



  Resembles my setup.  The NC itself has 10.0.0.50 While 10.0.0.1 is the
  NFS Server, 10.0.0.11 is a secondary NFS server, just in case.



  5.1.2.  Setting Up the Boot Parameters

  Section 6 (F6): Looks like this in my setup.


  Boot file                               kernel

  TFTP Boot Directory                     /usr/netstation/

  NFS Boot Directory                      /usr/netstation/

  Configuration File
  /usr/netstation/configs/standard.nsm

  Configuration Directory                 /usr/netstation/configs

  TFTP Order                              2

  NFS Order                               1

  MOP Order                               Disabled

  Local Order                             Disabled


  Where /usr/netstation is the directory export on 10.0.0.1


  5.1.3.  Setting Up the Monitor

  Section 7 (F7): You can choose the right resolution / refresh rate
  from a nice menu.  I have mine running on an old 14" VGA Screen
  running in 1024x768 @60Hz


  Basically that's all you need to install.

  Just plug in your Network cable again. And Reboot the NC.  After
  testing the  Video / DRAM, the NC will search the Host system and
  request the startup information, download the Kernel from the NFS and
  boot up.

  In some cases, the NC might download an updated Firmware from the
  host.



  When starting the graphical Console you should get a menu bar and a
  screen where you can select the X Hosts.  You are now in the CLE
  (Common Login Environment): it's a desktop from where you can start
  all sessions, either telnet or X .  It uses a local window manager
  which is a small window manager based on MWM.


  Your NC is  now setup. Congratulations !


  5.1.4.  Further Configuration

  Further configuration of the NC can be done e.g. be setting the
  colors, window sizes, default keymaps etc.  I'm not going to describe
  these in detail.  If you have troubles finding your way through the
  menu system. The IBM Network Station Runtime Environment for RS/6000
  User's Guide  which can be found in either .pdf or .ps at
  http://www.as400.ibm.com/networkstation/rs6000/ and will provide you
  with detailed information.



  5.2.  Newer Versions



  Newer versions of the Setup screen might look like this



  o  F2 = View Hardware Configuration

  o  F3 = Set Network Parameters

  o  F4 = Set Boot Parameters

  o  F5 = Set Configuration Parameters

  o  F6 = Set Monitor Parameters

  o  F7 = Set Language Parameters


  o  F10 = Set Verbose Diagnostic Message Disabled

  With F3 you get a panel to set the IP adresses of the Station, the
  boot server and the gateways as well as the subnet mask. With F4 you
  get a panel to set the boot kernel name and path and method (tftp or
  NFS). F5 brings you to a panel to set your configuration files and
  paths.



  6.  Misc Stuf


  6.1.  TroubleShooting

  Q:  I get an Invalid Kernel Type while trying to boot the NC.  A: You
  didn't run the agree script.  Q: I log in at the remote host and my
  keyboard settings fuck up.  A: I use no  /.Xmodap when working on the
  NC.  This keeps my keyboardsettings perfect.


  6.2.  Experiences

  Using the NC as a plain terminal with multiple consoles.  The Built-in
  Motif extensions are a lot easier to use than the default setup ;-)
  Pressing the Pause/Break key will pop up the NC Menu at any time.


  6.3.  The network station allows configuration access via telnet ses-
  sions on several ports. The ones I know are by default configured like
  this: Connecting through a network into the NC


  o  port 87,     service SerialSD,  (raw - serial daemon)

  o  port 5964,   service ParallelD, (raw - parallel daemon)

  o  port 5976,   service FILED,     (raw - file manager)

  o  port 5977,   service PREFD,     (raw - user preferences)

  o  port 5978,   service DIAG,      (raw - diagnostics)

  o  port 5979,   service CONFIGD,   (raw - configuration)

  o  port 5996,   service FILED,     (telnet - file manager)

  o  port 5997,   service PREFD,     (telnet - user preferences)

  o  port 5998,   service DIAG,      (telnet - diagnostics)

  o  port 5999,   service CONFIGD,   (telnet - configuration)

  You can easliy access the TCP ports by using a telnet session telnet
  NC-IPaddr port.  Be careful whether there is a password check enabled.
  The passphrase 'public' (without quotes) worked for me.


  6.3.1.  Port 5978

  Remote Logging It's the same as the messages console in your CLE.

  The format of each entry stretches over 2 lines.

  + DD:HH:MM:SS NSKxxxx: ...

  The first line covers date using the string that counts days, hours,
  minutes and seconds since boot time. The second line starts with an
  message identifier and the english plain text message after a
  separating colon, e.g.:


  [...]  + 25:17:31:43 NSK5641: unable to get current time from
  10.10.90.149 + 26:03:29:10 NSK4708: automatic powerdown to Suspend
  state after 40 minutes idle time + 26:03:49:10 NSK4708: automatic
  powerdown to Powerdown state after 60 minutes idle time + 26:07:22:38
  NSK8001: accepting DIAGD connection from 10.10.90.150 [...]



  6.3.2.  Use this port to do remote configuration for the NC by an tel-
  net session (telnet NC-IPaddr 5999).  Port 5999 CONFIGD



  Here are some first commands and hints that seemed to me to be useful.
  You can apparently configure the NC remotely - online.  The
  configuration files use the same format, but do allow only an offline
  configuration.  As an alternative you may use the the setup function
  from the NC menu window.

  First of all you will need to login if you defined a password.
  Logging into the NC should show you a sequence like:

  *** NCD X Terminal Configuration *** Password: Invalid Password
  Password: public

  Being logged in, you can start configurating.  The configuration
  syntax is identical to /usr/netstation/configs/  the setup files.  Be
  aware that the behaviour within this command line interface is the
  same as using the gui, i.e. when you set (you may omit this keyword)
  some parameter you need to apply it.  Otherwise you will not see any
  effect.  There is a /usr/netstation/configs/configd.doc documentation
  file (- more precisely I would call it a reference script -) delivered
  with the netstation software.  (The links are configured for the
  RS/6000 installation.)


  You probably want to start straight into the matter.  So for learning
  it the hard way, I recommend some commands to start with:.


  o  help - shows you all possible commands with some really short
     explanation.  Some commands concerning locking should be used with
     care.

  o  get groups -  tells you which groups of configuration options are
     available.  These are the subjects in the setup browser of the NC
     menu.  You may think of them as section headers.  These group names
     are also the first token in the name of the configurable items
     within it.

  o  get boot ... slow in answering and shows you how the boot
     parameters of the NC are currently set.


  o  get tftp - again some basic boot parameters.  On my NC all are read
     only statistics

  o  get tcpip -  most useful for reading some TCP statistics, less
     useful for changing the IP setup, i.e. name servers, local DNS
     cache, ARP configuration.

  o  get file - again slow response.  A long list of parameters.  Most
     of them are again self explaining.  Be careful when changing the
     port parameters, since you might have problems to find them later
     on. Also some important boot parameters can be found here.

  o  get nfs - shows NFS configuration.  You most likely will only need
     it, if you use a memory PCMCIA card.  Otherwise you will have
     little to import or export.

  o  info - shows you NAME, ACCESS, and PROTECTION of a given or all
     variables.  Helpful, if you work with protect


  6.4.  Port 161/udp - SNMP Access


  You need some network management software to work with it.  Among the
  most famous commercial ones are (Tivoli) NetView and HP OpenView.
  They provide an easy-to-use user interfaces.  For linux you usually
  use cmu-snmp for command line and TCL/TK-based scotty for visual
  frontend.  (I like command line and that's what I am going to explain)



  6.4.1.  Some general statement

  The network station is completely configurable as already noted.  In
  allows examinations and alterations while being used.  The changes
  take effect either immediately, at session startup, or at boot time
  (see configd.doc).  All reads from the network station do not unveal
  the users display contents, and therefore the users' privacy is
  respected (if the application itself respects it as well).  Only the
  configuration may be retrieved, but not the window contents (at least
  not this way).

  6.4.2.  How to configure network management ?

  There is a file in ASN.1 called  snmpmib.txt  in the installation
  directory of the recent releases that allows your network management
  console resolve the mib symbols.  Otherwise you see dot-separated
  sequences of numbers only.  So best is to append this file (comments
  start with double minus "--") to the  mib.txt file of your SNMP
  software.  You can use snmpwalk, snmpget, snmpset to browse and modify
  the symbols you have retrieved.


  6.4.3.  How to start managing?

  Simplest way to start managing is to execute the commands

  snmpwalk NC-IPaddr public system snmpget NC-IPaddr public
  system.sysDescr.0 snmpset NC-IPaddr public system.sysContact.0
  s"MailTo:Kris.Buytaert@advalvas.b$ snmpwalk NC-IPaddr public system

  Sit back and think a little bit about it.  It is easy to work with.

  If you never had experience with SNMP commands you should read some
  SNMP documentation, take reference to configd.doc.  For more details
  refer to SNMP-HowTos.

  6.4.4.  What do you manage?



  It works nearly the same way as the telnet session to the
  configuration port, except that each command is transferred separately
  to the NC using UDP.  The advantage is that you do not have to work
  interactively, you work with UDP instead of TCP, which avoids retries
  to network stations that are down.  you must have the privileges for
  being successful - 'public' is a good community for reading...



  6.5.  IBM Software Releases

  IBM Has a special program for upgrades and documentation about the IBM
  Netststation releases.  It includes CDs and printed documentation

  It can  be ordered freely from IBM from the following url
  service.boulder.ibm.com/nc/pcserver/cd_order.shtml.



  (Thnx to Herman Bos (hermanb@xs4allnl) for this info)



  6.6.  NetworkStation Manager


  The NetworkStation Manager is a piece of software running on the boot
  server. It has a web interface and allows you to administrate all your
  NetworkStations from a single point.  You can define users and groups
  and provide a customised desktop for each of them.

  This is required if you don't use a windowmanager provided by Linux.
  It basically works by parsing and writing the configuration files.
  However, Linux is not a supported plattform of this software. So as a
  workaround you have to change the configuration files by hand or have
  an OS/390, an AIX or a Windows NT do the job for you. Please be aware,
  that for the personalisation in users and groups of your
  NetworkStation Desktop, you need the login daemon running on your boot
  server. This daemon is not available on Linux. So personalisation has
  to be done by naming the configuration files according to the user
  sitting at the Station.


  There is an actual Redbook about the Network Station,

  Network Station Manager V2R1

  , IBM PubNumber SG24-5844-00.  For the use with Linux it may be
  helpful for you to read IBM Network Station - RS/6000 Notebook, IBM
  PubNumber SG24-2016-01.  It explains the use with the RS/600 AIX
  System (an interesting flavour of Unix).

  6.7.  Configuration file statements

  Here are some configuration file statements that I found useful:

  set boot-prom-force-update = true With this setting, the Network
  Station will check for a new boot PROM (aka Firmware) and download it
  if available.

  set xserver-access-control-enabled = false Will allow all XClients to
  connect to the XServer running on that Network Station.



  6.8.  Printing

  There is a Redbook about printing, 'IBM Network Station Printing
  Guide', IBM PubNumber SG24-5212-00. Redbooks can be found at
  http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/



  6.9.  PCMCIA Memory Cards


  I have tested memory cards manufactured by Centennial (IBM gives you a
  more complete list of memory cards that work with the NC).  I
  recommend a minimum capacity of 20 MB.  If you have less you will have
  less functionality on the card.  Even 20MB is hardly sufficient.  Once
  a NC is installed with a memory card it can serve as peer booting host
  for other NCs in its network vicinity.

  You need to connect to the file manager port 5996.  Keep a eye on your
  access protections in your configuration files.  If you use the memory
  card with the network station for the first time, you need to format
  it.  You should mount it and export it.  once you have exported it
  (showmount -e NC-IPaddr) you can mount it to your boot server (mount
  NC-IPaddr:/local /mnt) and transfer  the setup directory( cp -r
  /usr/netstation/* /mnt).  Be careful not to forget some necessary
  files, particularily some X11 files are needed.  The full directory
  will not fit on the card.  Avoid erasing on the chip card, claiming
  the freed space isn't easy and wastes space.

  For more detailed information you have place an PRPQ at IBM (whatever
  this means), contact some IBM representative or contact

  ANeuper@antaris.de the author of this paraphrase.

  7.  Credits



  Lots of thanks must go out to Wouter Cloetens,
  wcloeten@raleigh.ibm.com for getting me started , additional info from
  Boas Betzler, Andreas Neuper and Herman Bos


  and to Bart Geens ,Bart.Geens@advalvas.be for rereading this howto and
  findin uot lost of splelling errosr


  Also thanks to all the different people that wrote me with hints and
  help although I might have forgotten to include some of their
  comments,  if you think your part is missing, please mail me ;-)



  8.  History


  o  v0.98p14 19980222   First Release

  o  v0.99p15 19990501   Some fixes


  o  v0.99p16 19991004   Major updates including feedback from Boas
     Betzler,  Andreas Neuper and Herman Bos

  o  v0.99p18 19991226 Updates after feedback from readers.



