  Database-SQL-RDBMS HOW-TO document for Linux (PostgreSQL
  Object Relational Database System)
  Al Dev (Alavoor Vasudevan)        alavoor@yahoo.com
  v23.0, 02 Jun 2000

  This document is a "practical guide" to very quickly setup a SQL
  Database engine and front end tools on a Unix system. It also dis­
  cusses the International standard language ANSI/ISO SQL and reviews
  the merits/advantages of the SQL database engine developed by the
  world-wide internet in an "open development" environment.  It is about
  HOW-TO setup a next generation Object Relational SQL Database "Post­
  greSQL" on Unix system which can be used as a Application Database
  Server or as a Web Database Server. PostgreSQL attempts to implement
  current and future International ISO/ANSI SQL standards. This document
  also gives information on the database interface programs like Front
  End GUIs, RAD tools (Rapid Application Development), ODBC, JDBC
  drivers, "C", "C++", Java, Perl programming interfaces and Web
  Database Tools.  Information given here applies to all Unix/Windows NT
  platforms and to all other SQL databases. It will be very useful for
  people who are new to Databases, SQL language and PostgreSQL.  This
  document also has SQL tutorial, SQL syntax which would be very helpful
  for beginners. Experienced people will find this document as a useful
  reference guide. For students, the information given here will enable
  them to get the source code for PostgreSQL relational database system,
  from which they can learn as to how a RDBMS SQL database engine is
  created.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents



  1. Introduction

  2. Laws of Physics apply to Software!

  3. What is PostgreSQL ?

     3.1 White Paper

  4. Which one? PostgreSQL or MySQL ?

  5. Where to get it ?

  6. PostgreSQL Quick-Installation Instructions

     6.1 Install and Test
     6.2 PostgreSQL RPMs
     6.3 Maximum RPM
     6.4 Examples RPM
     6.5 Testing PyGreSQL - Python interface
     6.6 Testing Perl - Perl interface
     6.7 Testing libpq, libpq++ interfaces
     6.8 Testing Java interfaces
     6.9 Testing ecpg interfaces
     6.10 Testing SQL examples - User defined types and functions
     6.11 Testing Tcl/Tk interfaces
     6.12 Testing ODBC interfaces
     6.13 Testing MPSQL Motif-worksheet interfaces
     6.14 Verification
     6.15 Emergency Bug fixes

  7. PostgreSQL Supports Extremely Large Databases greater than 200 Gig

  8. How can I trust PostgreSQL ? Regression Test Package builds customer confidence

  9. GUI FrontEnd Tool for PostgreSQL (Graphical User Interface)

  10. Interface Drivers for PostgreSQL

     10.1 ODBC Drivers for PostgreSQL
     10.2 UDBC Drivers for PostgreSQL
     10.3 JDBC Drivers for PostgreSQL
     10.4 Java for PostgreSQL

  11. Perl Database Interface (DBI) Driver for PostgreSQL

     11.1 Perl 5 interface for PostgreSQL
     11.2 Perl Database Interface DBI
        11.2.1 WHAT IS DBI ?
        11.2.2 DBI driver for PostgreSQL DBD-Pg-0.89
        11.2.3 Technical support for DBI
        11.2.4 What is DBI, DBperl, Oraperl and *perl?
        11.2.5 DBI specifications
        11.2.6 Compilation problems or "It fails the test"
        11.2.7 Is DBI supported under Windows 95 / NT platforms?
        11.2.8 Is DBI any use for CGI programming?
        11.2.9 How do I get faster connection times with DBD Oracle and CGI?
        11.2.10 How do I get persistent connections with DBI and CGI?
        11.2.11 ``When I run a perl script from the command line, it works, but, when I run it under the httpd, it fails!'' Why?
        11.2.12 Multi-threading with DBI?
        11.2.13 How can I invoke stored procedures with DBI?
        11.2.14 How can I get return values from stored procedures with DBI?
        11.2.15 How can I create or drop a database with DBI?
        11.2.16 How are NULL values handled by DBI?
        11.2.17 What are these func methods all about?
        11.2.18 Commercial Support and Training
     11.3 Testing Perl interface
  12. PostgreSQL Management Tools

     12.1 PGACCESS - A GUI Tool for PostgreSQL Management
     12.2 Windows Interactive Query Tool for PostgreSQL (WISQL or MPSQL)
     12.3 Interactive Query Tool (ISQL) for PostgreSQL called PSQL
     12.4 MPMGR - A Database Management Tool for PostgresSQL

  13. Setting up multi-boxes PostgreSQL with just one monitor

  14. Web-Application-Servers for PostgreSQL

     14.1 Enhydra
     14.2 Zope

  15. Applications and Tools for PostgreSQL

     15.1 PostgreSQL 4GL for web database applications - AppGEN Development System
     15.2 WWW Web interface for PostgresSQL - DBENGINE
     15.3 Apache Webserver Module for PostgreSQL - NeoSoft NeoWebScript
     15.4 HEITML server side extension of HTML and a 4GL language for PostgreSQL
     15.5 America On-line AOL Web server for PostgreSQL
     15.6 Problem/Project Tracking System Application Tool for PostgreSQL
     15.7 Convert dbase dbf files to PostgreSQL
     15.8 Convert Microsoft Access MDB database files to PostgreSQL

  16. Web Database Design/Implementation tool for PostgreSQL - EARP

     16.1 What is EARP ?
     16.2 Implementation
     16.3 How does it work ?
     16.4 Where to get EARP ?

  17. PHP Hypertext Preprocessor - Server-side html-embedded scripting language for PostgreSQL

     17.1 Major Features
     17.2 PHP - Brief History
     17.3 So, what can I do with PHP ?
     17.4 A simple example
     17.5 CGI Redirection
        17.5.1 Apache 1.0.x Notes
        17.5.2 Netscape HTTPD
        17.5.3 NCSA HTTPD
     17.6 Running PHP from the command line

  18. Python Interface for PostgreSQL

     18.1 Where to get PyGres ?
     18.2 Information and support
     18.3 Testing Python interface

  19. Gateway between PostgreSQL and the WWW - WDB-P95

     19.1 About wdb-p95
     19.2 Does the PostgreSQL server, pgperl, and httpd have to be on the same host?

  20. "C", "C++", ESQL/C language Interfaces and Bitwise Operators for PostgreSQL

     20.1 "C" interface
     20.2 "C++" interface
     20.3 ESQL/C
     20.4 BitWise Operators for PostgreSQL

  21. Japanese Kanji Code for PostgreSQL

  22. PostgreSQL Port to Windows 95/Windows NT

     22.1 Authors of NT port
     22.2 Install the Cygwin package
     22.3 Tuneup Bash Window
     22.4 Install the Andy Piper tools
     22.5 Install Ludovic Lange's Cygwin32 IPC package
     22.6 Install PostgreSQL

  23. Mailing Lists

     23.1 E-mail account for PostgreSQL
     23.2 English Mailing List
     23.3 Archive of Mailing List
     23.4 Spanish Mailing List

  24. Documentation and Reference Books

     24.1 User Guides and Manuals
     24.2 Online Documentation
     24.3 Useful Reference Textbooks
     24.4 ANSI/ISO SQL Specifications documents  - SQL 1992, SQL 1998
     24.5 Syntax of ANSI/ISO SQL 1992
     24.6 Syntax of ANSI/ISO SQL 1998
     24.7 SQL Tutorial for beginners
     24.8 Temporal Extension to SQL92
     24.9 Part 0 - Acquiring ISO/ANSI SQL Documents
     24.10 Part 1 - ISO/ANSI SQL Current Status
     24.11 Part 2 - ISO/ANSI SQL Foundation
     24.12 Part 3 - ISO/ANSI SQL Call Level Interface
     24.13 Part 4 - ISO/ANSI SQL Persistent Stored Modules
     24.14 Part 5 - ISO/ANSI SQL/Bindings
     24.15 Part 6 - ISO/ANSI SQL XA Interface Specialization (SQL/XA)
     24.16 Part 7 - ISO/ANSI SQL Temporal
        24.16.1 INTRODUCTION
        24.16.2 A CASE STUDY - STORING CURRENT INFORMATION
        24.16.3 A CASE STUDY - STORING HISTORY INFORMATION
        24.16.4 A CASE STUDY - PROJECTION
        24.16.5 A CASE STUDY - JOIN
        24.16.6 A CASE STUDY - AGGREGATES
        24.16.7 SUMMARY
     24.17 Part 8 - ISO/ANSI SQL MULTIMEDIA (SQL/MM)

  25. Technical support for PostgreSQL

     25.1 Commercial Support

  26. Economic and Business Aspects

  27. List of Other Databases

  28. Internet World Wide Web Searching Tips

  29. Conclusion

  30. FAQ - Questions on PostgreSQL

  31. Other Formats of this Document

  32. Copyright Notice

  33. Appendix A - Syntax of ANSI/ISO SQL 1992

  34. Appendix B - SQL Tutorial for beginners

     34.1 Tutorial for PostgreSQL
     34.2 Internet URL pointers

  35. Appendix C - Linux Quick Install Instructions



  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  Introduction

  The purpose of this document is to provide comprehensive list of
  pointers/URLs to quickly setup PostgreSQL and also to advocate the
  benefits of Open Source Code system like PostgreSQL, Linux.

  Each and every computer system in the world needs a database to
  store/retrieve the information.  The primary reason you use the
  computer is to store, retrieve and process information and do all
  these very quickly, thereby saving you time.  At the same time, the
  system must be simple, robust, fast, reliable, economical and very
  easy to use.  Database is the most VITAL SYSTEM as it stores mission
  critical information of every company in this world.  Each and every
  industry in this world needs a database system. Industries like
  telecom, automobile, banks, airlines, etc..  will not function
  efficiently without a database system.  The most popular database
  systems are based on the International Standard Organisation (ISO) SQL
  specifications and ANSI SQL (American) standards.  The current
  specifications widely used in the industry are ISO/ANSI SQL 1992.
  Upcoming standard is the SQL 1998/99 which is also called SQL-3 is
  still under development. Popular database like Oracle, Sybase and
  Informix systems are based on these standards or are trying to
  implement these standards.

  Without a standard like ANSI/ISO SQL, it would be very difficult for
  the customer to develop a application once and run on all the database
  systems.  End user wants to develop an application ONCE using ISO SQL,
  ODBC, JDBC and deploy on all variety of database systems in the world.

  The world's most popular FREE Database which implements some of the
  ISO SQL, ANSI SQL/98, SQL/92 and ANSI SQL/89 RDBMS is PostgreSQL.
  PostgreSQL is next generation Object relational database and is
  targeting on full compliance of SQL standards like ISO/ANSI SQL.
  PostgreSQL is the only free RDBMS in the world which supports Object
  databases and SQL. This document will tell you how-to install the
  database, how to set up the Web database, application database, front
  end GUIs and interface programs.  It is strongly advised that you MUST
  write your database applications 100 % compliant to standards of
  ISO/ANSI SQL, ODBC, JDBC so that your application is portable across
  multiple databases like PostgreSQL, Oracle, Sybase, Informix etc.

  You get the highest quality, and lot many features with PostgreSQL as
  it follows 'Open Source Code development model'. Open Source Code
  model is the one where the complete source code is given to you and
  the development takes place on the internet by a extremely vast
  network of human brains.  Future trend shows that most of the software
  development will take place on the so called "Information Super-
  Highway" which spans the whole globe.  In the coming years, internet
  growth will be explosive which will further fuel rapid adoption of
  PostgreSQL by the industry.

  By applying the principles of statistics, mathematics and science to
  software quality, you get the best quality of software only in a 'Open
  Source Code System' like PostgreSQL, wherein the source code is open
  to a very vast number of human brains inter-connected by the
  information super-highway.  Greater the number of human brains
  working, the better will be the quality of software.  Open Source Code
  model will also prevent RE-INVENTION OF WHEELS, eliminates DUPLICATION
  OF WORK and will be very economical, saves time in distribution and
  follows the modern economic laws of optimizing the national and global
  resources.  Once a software work is done by others, then you DO NOT
  need to re-do that again. You will not be wasting your valuable time
  on something which had already been WELL DONE.  Your time is extremely
  precious and it must be utilized efficiently, because you have only 8
  hours a day for doing work.  As we will be entering the 21st century,
  there will be a change in the way that you get software for your use.
  Everybody will give first preference for the open source softwares
  like PostgreSQL, Linux.

  If you buy binaries, you will not get any equity and ownership of
  source code. Source code is a very valuable asset and binaries have no
  value. Buying software may become a thing of the past. You only need
  to buy good hardware, it is worth spending money on the hardware and
  get the software from internet. Important point is that it is the
  computer hardware which is doing bulk of the work.  Hardware is the
  real work horse and software is just driving it.  Computer hardware is
  so much more complex that only 6 nations in the world so far have
  demonstrated the capability of designing and manufacturing computer
  chips/hardware.  Design and manufacturing of computer chips is a
  advanced technology.  It is a very complex process, capital intensive,
  requires large investments in plant and production machines which deal
  with 0.18 micron (even smaller than 0.18) technology. On a single
  small silicon chip millions of transistors/circuits are densely
  packed.  Companies like Applied Material, AMD, Intel, Cyrix, Hitachi,
  IBM and others spent significant number of man-years to master the
  high-technology like Chip Design, Micro-electronics and Nano-
  electronics.  Micro means (one-millionth of meter 10^-6), Nano  means
  (one-billionth of meter 10^-9). Current technology uses micro-
  electronics of about 0.35 micron using aluminum as conductors and 0.25
  micron sizes using copper as conductors of electrons.  In near future
  the technology of 0.10 micron with copper and even nano-electronics
  will be used to make computer chips. Aluminum conductors will be
  phased out by copper on computer chips, as copper is a better
  conductor of electrons.  In photolithography process extreme
  ultraviolet, X-ray or electron-beam techniques will be used to etch
  circuits for feature size less than 0.15 micron.  In about 20 years
  from now, silicon chips will be phased out by molecular computers and
  bio chips which will be billions of times faster than silicon chips.
  Molecules are a group of atoms. And atoms are tiny particles which
  makes up everything that you see in this world. Molecular computers
  will use the molecules of matter as ultra-fast electronic on/off
  switches. When the switch is ON it indicates 1, and when it is OFF it
  indicates 0. All the computer programs in this world are based on
  binary (numbers 1 and 0).  Table below shows the progress and future
  advancement trends of computer chips.


                            Advancement of chip capabilities in future
                           ********************************************
       +--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+
       | Item/Year                | 1997    | 1999    | 2001    | 2003    | 2012   | 2020    |
       +--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+
       | Feature size(micron)     | 0.25    | 0.18    | 0.15    | 0.13    | 0.05   |< 0.00001|
       +--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+
       | Wafer size(mm)           | 200     | 300     | 300     | 300     | 450    | Mol/Bio |
       +--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+
       | Min Operating Voltage    | 1.8-2.5 | 1.5-1.8 | 1.2-1.5 | 1.2-1.5 | 0.5-0.6| < 0.001 |
       +--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+
       | Max power dissipation    | 70      | 90      | 110     | 130     | 175    | 600     |
       +--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+
       | On-chip frequencey (MHz) | 750     | 1,250   | 1,500   | 2,100   | 10,000 | > 50,000|
       +--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+
       | DRAM capacity            | 256 MB  | 1 GB    | 2 GB    | 4 GB    | 256 GB | > 1000GB|
       +--------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+


  As you can see, it is hardware that is high technology and important
  and software is labor intensive but is a less difficult technology.

  On other hand, each and every country in the world develops/makes
  software.  In fact, any person in this world with a small low-cost PC
  can write software.

  Databases like Oracle, Informix, Sybase, IBM DB2 (Unix) are written
  using the "C" language and binaries are created by compiling the
  source code and then they are shipped out to customers. Oracle,
  Sybase, Informix databases are 100 % "C" programs!!


  Since a lot of work had been done on PostgreSQL for the past 14 years,
  it does not make sense to re-create from scratch another database
  system which satisfies ANSI/ISO SQL.  It will be a great advantage to
  take the existing code and add missing features or enhancements to
  PostgreSQL and start using it immediately.

  Prediction is that demand for "Internet products" like PostgreSQL will
  grow exponentially as it is capable of maintaining a high quality, low
  cost, extremely large user-base and developer-base. Those nations
  which do not use the 'Internet products' will be seriously missing
  "World-wide Internet Revolution" and will be left far behind other
  countries. The reason is "Internet" itself is the world's LARGEST
  "software company" and is a large software "power house"!

  2.  Laws of Physics apply to Software!

  In this chapter, it will be shown how science plays a important role
  in the creation of various objects like software, this universe, mass,
  atoms, energy and even yourself!  This chapter also shows why
  knowledge of science is very important before you start using the
  products of science.

  The golden rule is - "You MUST not use a product without understanding
  how it is created!!" This rule applies to everything - database
  sytems, computer system, operating system, this universe and even your
  own human body! It means that you should have complete source code and
  information about the system. It is important to understand how human
  body and atoms inside human body works since humans are creating
  PostgreSQL, MS Windows95 etc..

  Creation is a very important step. Persons who are using the objects
  of science must know how it is created. This applies to even computer
  systems and PostgreSQL.  A majority of people do not have knowledge of
  science and hence do not know how systems like MS Windows NT/95,
  Oracle, human body and this universe are created. A vast majority of
  people do not know what made the universe and MS Windows 95/NT and
  what is inside it. Complex systems are built from very simple basic
  building blocks like - millions of universes are created, each
  universe in turn has millions of super-clusters, each super-cluster
  has millions of galaxies, each galaxy has millions of stars, some
  stars system have many planets, each planet in turn is made up
  billions of atoms.(In the history of this world, only one universe was
  created by a man in ancient India eons ago, but no other case had been
  reported in the modern history. Creating a universe is a much more
  advanced technology and is more advanced than the atomic bomb which
  was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki causing horrible destruction).
  Modern nuclear weapons are so tiny and powerful that if such a single
  nuclear bomb is dropped then it can completely vaporise the planet
  earth! But there are also weapons which will completely NULLIFY and
  NEUTRALISE all the nuclear weapons in the world!! Total variety of
  weapons are infinity!. Software like MS Windows 95 is created simply
  by "C" and assembler language programs which simply uses 1 and 0 and
  universes like ours are created simply by dashing TWO dissimilar but
  proper of combination of tiny atomic particles of other dimensions.  A
  human body is created by dashing two dissimilar but proper combination
  of tiny cells!! Humans inherited the properties of this universe.  The
  universe you are currently living in was NOT there - all the atoms
  inside the universe was not there and not even TIME was existing!!
  Baby universe was born during big bang and started expanding and kept
  growing. Even today the universe is still expanding!!  A person from
  another universe by name 'Brahma' created this universe you are
  currently living in.  It is indeed possible for man to create a new
  universe.  Total number of universes that can be created is INFINITY
  and similarly total number of operating systems that can be created is
  also infinity!! Infinite number universes and infinite variety of
  multi-dimensional atoms collapse down into few primary-dimensional-
  universe.

  The laws of science and statistics favour the open-source code system
  like PostgreSQL and Linux.  As the internet speed is increasing
  everyday, and internet is becoming more and MORE reliable, the open-
  source code system will gain very rapid momentum.  And, if rules of
  statistics and laws of physics are correct, awareness of science grows
  and when IGNORANT people start learning science then the closed
  source-code systems will eventually vanish from this planet.

  Developing a project like PostgreSQL requires resources like energy
  and time, hence PostgreSQL is a product of energy and time.  Since
  energy and time can be explained only by science, there is a direct
  co-relation between physics and software projects like PostgreSQL,
  Linux.  Laws of science (Physics) applies everywhere and at all the
  times, to anything that you do, even while you are developing the
  software projects.

  Physics is in action even while you are talking (sound waves), walking
  (friction between ground and your feet), reading a book or writing
  software.  Every science in this world has a deep root in mathematics,
  including PostgreSQL. PostgreSQL uses 'Modern Algebra' which is a tiny
  branch of mathematics.  Modern algebra deals with 'Set Theory',
  'Relational Algebra', science of Groups, Rings, Collections, Sets,
  Unions, Intersections, Exclusions, Domains, Lists, etc...

  The software like PostgreSQL is existing today because of the energy
  and time.  And mass and energy are ONE and the SAME entity.  The fact
  that mass and energy are same was unknown to people 100 years ago!
  And even today it is unknown to world population that internet is the
  largest software "power house" and the largest "software company" in
  the world!

  Cells in the human brains consume energy while processing (creating
  software), by converting the chemical energy from food into electrical
  and heat energy.  Even while you are reading this paragraph, the cells
  in your brain are burning out the fuel and are using tiny amounts of
  energy.  All of these implies that human brain is a thermodynamic heat
  engine.  Because human brain is a thermodynamic engine, the laws of
  thermodynamics applies to brain and hence thermodynamics has indirect
  effects on software like PostgreSQL.

  There can be infinite number of colors, computer langauages, computer
  chip designs and theories but there CANNOT be ONE SINGLE PERFECT
  color, computer language, design or system!  What you can have is only
  a  NEAR PERFECT color(wavelength), system, database, or theory!
  Nature is like a KALIEDOSCOPE - there are infinite number of
  dimensions, infinite variety particles of other dimensions but they
  all combine into very few primary dimensions and vice-versa.

  By combining the energies of millions of people around the world via
  internet it is possible to achieve a NEAR PERFECT system (including a
  database software system). Individually, the energy of each person
  will be minute, but by networking a large number of people, the total
  energy will be huge which can be focused on a project to generate a
  near perfect system.

  The energy is measured in Joules, kiloJoules or kilograms of mass, and
  time is measured in seconds or hours.  And power is energy divided by
  time and is measured in Watts or kiloWatts .

  ______________________________________________________________________
          Energy of each person = y Joules
  or in terms of mass
          Energy of each person = y grams
  The conversion factor between mass and energy is E = m * c * c
  where 'c' is the speed of light and 'm' is the mass.
          Time = 8 hours (This is constant since each person has only 8 hours a day)
          Power = Energy / Time
                    = (y / (8 * 60 * 60) ) Watts
          Total Power of the world = n * (y / (8 * 60 * 60) ) Watts
  where n = number of persons working on the project.
  ______________________________________________________________________


  From the above equation it is clear that increasing the 'n' will
  greatly improve the quality of product.

  It is very clear that internet can network a vast number of people,
  which implies internet has a lot of energy and time which can produce
  much higher quality software products in much shorter time as compared
  to commercial companies. Even very big companies like Microsoft and
  IBM cannot overpower and overrule the laws of Physics but will
  eventually SURRENDER UNTO laws of science!

  Conclusion is - because of laws of science, 'open source code' system
  like PostgreSQL, Linux will prevail and will be always much better
  than 'closed source code' system and it is possible to prove this
  statement scientifically. Man should not waste time creating too many
  duplicate software products.

  3.  What is PostgreSQL ?

  PostgreSQL is a free database, complete source code is given to you
  and is a Object-Relational Database System targetting on ANSI ISO/SQL
  1998, 92 and runs on diverse hardware platforms and Operating systems.
  The ultimate objective and the final goal of PostgreSQL is to become
  100 % compliant to ANSI/ISO SQL and also to become the number ONE open
  generic Database in the world.

  Today, PostgreSQL is the most advanced system in the world and it is
  surprising that many commercial database systems could not match the
  quality, features and capabilities of PostgreSQL !! PostgreSQL is the
  joint effort of many nations around the globe and is a project similar
  to International Space Station. PostgreSQL will remain the number one
  database system for many decades into future since it is a open-source
  code system.

  The fundamental idea behind PostgreSQL is - once a module of code is
  written than you should not waste even a milli-second of your time
  trying to re-invent it!!

  Informix Universal server (released 1997) is based on earlier version
  of PostgreSQL because Informix bought Illustra Inc. and integrated
  with Informix. Illustra database was based on Postgres (earlier
  version of PostgreSQL).

  PostgreSQL is an enhancement of the POSTGRES database management
  system, a next-generation DBMS research prototype.  While PostgreSQL
  retains the powerful data model and rich data types of POSTGRES, it
  replaces the PostQuel query language with an extended subset of SQL.


  PostgreSQL development is being performed by a team of Internet
  developers who all subscribe to the PostgreSQL development mailing
  list. The current coordinator is Marc G. Fournier

  ·  scrappy@postgreSQL.org

     This team is now responsible for all current and future development
     of PostgreSQL.  Ofcourse, the database customer himself is the
     developer of PostgreSQL!  The development load is distributed among
     a very large number of database end-users on internet.

  The authors of PostgreSQL 1.01 were Andrew Yu and Jolly Chen.  The
  original Postgres code, from which PostgreSQL is derived, was the
  effort of many graduate students, undergraduate students, and staff
  programmers and working under the direction of Professor Michael
  Stonebraker at the University of California, Berkeley.

  Millions of PostgreSQL is installed as Database servers, Web database
  servers and Application data servers.  It is very sophisticated object
  relational database system (ORDBMS).

  PostgreSQL runs on Solaris, SunOS, HPUX, AIX, Linux, Irix, Digital
  Unix, BSDi,NetBSD, FreeBSD, SCO unix, NEXTSTEP, Unixware and all and
  every flavor of Unix. Port to Windows NT is done using Cygnus cygwin32
  package.

  PostgreSQL and related items in this document are subject to the
  COPYRIGHT from University of California, Berkeley.

  3.1.  White Paper

  PostgreSQL details in nutshell:

  ·  Title:             PostgreSQL SQL RDBMS Database (Object Relational
     Database Management System)

  ·  Current Version:   7.0.1

  ·  Age:               PostgreSQL is 15 years old. Developed since 1985

  ·  Authors:           Developed by millions/universities/companies on
     internet for the past 15 YEARS

     The white paper on PostgreSQL is at <http://www.greatbridge.com>

  4.  Which one? PostgreSQL or MySQL ?

  MySQL is another open-source SQL server, but it does not support
  transactions. It is suitable for very small databases and does not
  support advanced SQL functionalities. Whereas PostgreSQL is a
  enterprise strength database supporting transactions and almost all
  SQL constructs. In near future development of MySQL will be dropped
  and all MySQL users will be migrated to PostgreSQL since MySQL is
  duplicate product working towards ANSI SQL.  Also MySQL is a 'quasi-
  commercial' product unlike PostgreSQL which is open-source and there
  is no license fee.  MySQL is at  <http://www.tcx.se>

  5.  Where to get it ?

  You can buy Redhat Linux CDROM, Debian Linux CDROM or Slackware Linux
  CDROM which already contains the PostgreSQL in package form (both
  source code and binaries) from :
  ·  Linux System Labs Web site:   <http://www.lsl.com/>  (7 U.S.
     dollars)

  ·  Cheap Bytes Inc Web site:   <http://www.cheapbytes.com/> (7 U.S.
     dollars)

  ·  Debian Main Web site :  <http://www.debian.org/vendors.html>

  PostgreSQL organisation is also selling 'PostgreSQL CDROM' which
  contains the complete source code and binaries for many Unix operating
  systems as well as full documentation.

  ·  PostgreSQL CDROM from main Web site at :
     <http://www.postgresql.org> 30 (U.S. dollars)

  Binaries only distribution of PostgreSQL:

  ·  The maintainer of PostgreSQL RPMs is Lamar Owen and is at
     lamar.owen@wgcr.org

  ·  PostgreSQL source RPM and binaries RPM
     <http://www.ramifordistat.net/postgres>

  ·  PostgreSQL source RPM and binaries RPM  <http://www.postgresql.org>
     Click on "Latest News" and click on Redhat RPMs.

  ·  PostgreSQL source RPM and binaries RPM
     <http://www.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/> and ftp site is at
     <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/>

  ·  Binaries site for Solaris, HPUX, AIX, IRIX, Linux :
     <ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/bindist>


  WWW Web sites:

  ·  Primary Web site:   <http://www.postgresql.org/>

  ·  Secondary Web site:      <http://logical.thought.net/postgres95/>

  ·  <http://www.itm.tu-clausthal.de/mirrors/postgres95/>

  ·  <http://s2k-ftp.cs.berkeley.edu:8000/postgres95/>

  ·  <http://xenium.pdi.net/PostgreSQL/>

  ·  <http://s2k-ftp.cs.berkeley.edu:8000/postgres95/>


  The ftp sites are listed below :-

  ·  Primary FTP:        <ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub>

  ·  Secondary FTP:      <ftp://ftp.chicks.net/pub/postgresql>

  ·  <ftp://ftp.emsi.priv.at/pub/postgres/>

  ·  <ftp://ftp.itm.tu-clausthal.de/pub/mirrors/postgres95>

  ·  <ftp://rocker.sch.bme.hu/pub/mirrors/postgreSQL>

  ·  <ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/dbms/postgres95>

  ·  <ftp://ftp.luga.or.at/pub/postgres95>


  ·  <ftp://postgres95.vnet.net:/pub/postgres95>

  ·  <ftp://ftpza.co.za/mirrors/postgres>

  ·  <ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/pub/databases/postgresql>

  ·  <ftp://ftp.task.gda.pl/pub/software/postgresql>

  ·  <ftp://xenium.pdi.net/pub/PostgreSQL>


  PostgreSQL source code is also available at all the mirror sites of
  sunsite unc (total of about 1000 sites around the globe). It is inside
  the Red Hat Linux distribution in /pub/contrib/i386/postgresql.rpm
  file.

  ·  For list of mirror sites go to  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu>

  6.  PostgreSQL Quick-Installation Instructions

  This chapter will help you to install and run the database very
  quickly in less than 5 minutes.


  6.1.  Install and Test

  Quick Steps to Install, Test, Verify and run PostgreSQL Login as root.

  ______________________________________________________________________
  # cd /mnt/cdrom/RedHat/RPMS
  # man rpm
  # ls postgre*.rpm
  # rpm -qpl postgre*.rpm | less (to see list of files)
  # rpm -qpi postgre*.rpm (to see info of package)
  # cat /etc/passwd | grep postgres
  ______________________________________________________________________


  Note: If you see a 'postgres' user, you may need to backup and clean
  up the postgres home directory  postgres and delete the unix user
  'postgres' or rename the unix user 'postgres' to something like 'post­
  gres2'.  Install must be "clean slate"

  ______________________________________________________________________
  # rpm -i postgre*.rpm (Must install all packages clients, devel, data
           and main for pgaccess to work )
  # man chkconfig
  # chkconfig --add postgresql  (to start pg during booting)
  # /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql start  (to start up postgres)
  # man xhost
  # xhost +  (To give display access for pgaccess)
  # su - postgres
  bash$ man createdb
  bash$ createdb mydatabase
  bash$ man psql
  bash$ psql mydatabase
  ..... in psql press up/down arrow keys for history line editing or \s

  bash$ export DISPLAY=<hostname>:0.0
  bash$ man pgaccess
  bash$ pgaccess mydatabase
  ______________________________________________________________________


  Now you can start rapidly BANGING away SQL commands at psql or pgac­
  cess !!
  ______________________________________________________________________
  bash$ cd /usr/doc/postgresql*
  ______________________________________________________________________


  Here read all the FAQs, User, Programmer, Admin guides and tutorials.

  6.2.  PostgreSQL RPMs

  See also "Installation Steps" from
  <http://www.ramifordistat.net/postgres>

  The maintainer of PostgreSQL RPMs is Lamar Owen and is at
  lamar.owen@wgcr.org More details about PostgreSQL is at
  <http://www.postgresql.org>

  6.3.  Maximum RPM

  Familiarize with RedHat RPM package manager to manage the PostgreSQL
  installations.  Download the 'Maximum RPM' textbook from
  <http://www.RPM.org> look for the filename maximum-rpm.ps.gz And read
  it on linux using the gv command -

  ______________________________________________________________________
  # gv maximum-rpm.ps.gz
  ______________________________________________________________________


  There is also rpm2deb which converts the RPM packages to Debian linux
  packages.

  6.4.  Examples RPM

  Examples are needed to do testing of various interfaces to PostgreSQL.
  Install the postgresql examples directory from  -

  ·  Linux cdrom - postgresql-*examples.rpm

  ·  postgresql-*examples.rpm from  <http://www.aldev.8m.com> or
     <http://www.aldev.webjump.com>

  ·  PostgreSQL source code tree postgresql*.src.rpm and look for
     examples, testing or tutorial directories

  6.5.  Testing PyGreSQL - Python interface

  Install examples package, see ``'' and then do -



  ______________________________________________________________________
  bash$ cd /usr/lib/pgsql/python
  bash$ createdb thilo
  bash$ psql thilo
  thilo=> create table test (aa char(30), bb char(30) );
  bash$ /usr/bin/python
  >>> import _pg
  >>> db = _pg.connect('thilo', 'localhost')
  >>> db.query("INSERT INTO test VALUES ('ping', 'pong')")
  >>> db.query("SELECT * FROM test")
  eins|zwei
  ----+----
  ping|pong
  (1 row)
  >>>CTRL+D
  bash$
  ..... Seems to work - now install it properly
  bash$ su - root
  # cp /usr/lib/pgsql/python/_pg.so /usr/lib/python1.5/lib-dynload
  ______________________________________________________________________



  6.6.  Testing Perl - Perl interface

  Install examples package, see ``'' and then do -

  ______________________________________________________________________
  bash$ cd /usr/doc/postgresql-6.5.3/examples/perl5
  bash$ perl ./example.pl
  ______________________________________________________________________


  Note: If the above command does not work then do this.  Gloabl var
  @INC should include the Pg.pm module in directory site_perl hence use
  -I option below

  ______________________________________________________________________
  bash$ perl -I/usr/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.005/i386-linux-thread ./example.pl
  ______________________________________________________________________


  .... You ran the perl which is accessing PostgreSQL database!!

  Read the example.pl file for using perl interface.

  6.7.  Testing libpq, libpq++ interfaces

  Install examples package, see ``'' and then do -



  ______________________________________________________________________
  bash$ su root   --> to change ownership of examples
  # chown -R postgres /usr/doc/postgresql-6.5.3/examples
  # exit

  bash$ cd /usr/doc/postgresql-6.5.3/examples/libpq
  bash$ gcc testlibpq.c -I/usr/include/pgsql -lpq
  bash$ export PATH=$PATH:.
  bash$ a.out

  bash$ cd /usr/doc/postgresql-6.5.3/examples/libpq++
  bash$ g++ testlibpq0.cc -I/usr/include/pgsql -I/usr/include/pgsql/libpq++
  -lpq++ -lpq -lcrypt
  bash$ ./a.out  (Note: Ignore Error messages if you get any - as below)
  > create table foo (aa int, bb char(4));
  No tuples returned...
  status = 1
  Error returned: fe_setauthsvc: invalid name: , ignoring...
  > insert into foo values ('4535', 'vasu');
  No tuples returned...
  status = 1
  Error returned: fe_setauthsvc: invalid name: , ignoring...
  > select * from foo;
  aa   |bb   |
  -----|-----|
  4535 |vasu |
  Query returned 1 row.
  >
  >CTRL+D
  bash$
  ______________________________________________________________________


  .... You ran direct C/C++ interfaces to PostgreSQL database!!

  6.8.  Testing Java interfaces

  Install examples package, see ``'' and also install the following -

  ·  Get JDK jdk-*glibc*.rpm from
     <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386> or from
     <http://www.blackdown.org>

  ·  Get postgresql-jdbc-*.rpm  <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386>


     ___________________________________________________________________
     bash$ cd /usr/doc/postgresql-6.5.3/examples/jdbc
     bash$ echo $CLASSPATH
      --> Should show  CLASSPATH=/usr/lib/jdk-x.x.x/lib/classes.zip
     where x.x.x is proper version numbers.
     bash$ export CLASSPATH=$CLASSPATH:.:/usr/lib/pgsql/jdbc6.5-1.2.jar
     Edit all psql.java file  and comment out the 'package' line.
     bash$ javac psql.java
     bash$ java psql jdbc:postgresql:template1 postgres < password>[1] select * from pg_tables;
     tablename       tableowner      hasindexes      hasrules
     pg_type postgres        true    false   false
     pg_attribute    postgres        true    false   false
     [2]
     CTRL+C
     bash$
     ___________________________________________________________________


  .... You ran direct Java interfaces to PostgreSQL database!

  6.9.  Testing ecpg interfaces

  Install examples package, see ``'' and then do -

  ______________________________________________________________________
  bash$ cd /usr/doc/postgresql-6.5.3/examples/ecpg
  bash$ ecpg test1.pgc -I/usr/include/pgsql
  bash$ cc test1.c -I/usr/include/pgsql -lecpg -lpq -lcrypt
  bash$ createdb mm
  bash$ ./a.out
  ______________________________________________________________________


  .... You ran Embedded "C"-SQL to PostgreSQL database!

  6.10.  Testing SQL examples - User defined types and functions

  Install examples package, see ``'' and then do -

  ______________________________________________________________________
  bash$ cd /usr/doc/postgresql-6.5.3/examples/sql
  Under-development..
  ______________________________________________________________________



  6.11.  Testing Tcl/Tk interfaces

  Example of Tcl/Tk interfaces is pgaccess program.  Read the file
  /usr/bin/pgaccess using a editor -

  ______________________________________________________________________
  bash$ view /usr/bin/pgaccess
  bash$ export DISPLAY=<hostname of your machine>:0.0
  bash$ createdb mydb
  bash$ pgaccess mydb
  ______________________________________________________________________



  6.12.  Testing ODBC interfaces


  1. Get the win32 pgsql odbc driver from
     <http://www.insightdist.com/psqlodbc/>

  2. See also /usr/lib/libpsqlodbc.a

  6.13.  Testing MPSQL Motif-worksheet interfaces

  Get the RPMs from  <http://www.mutinybaysoftware.com>

  6.14.  Verification

  To verify the top quality of PostgreSQL, run the Regression test
  package :- Login as root -



  ______________________________________________________________________
  # rpm -i postgresql*test.rpm
  And see README file or install the source code tree which has regress directory
  # rpm -i postgresql*.src.rpm
  # cd /usr/src/redhat/SPECS
  # more postgresql*.spec   (to see what system RPM packages you need to
  install)
  # rpm -bp postgresql*.spec  (.. this will prep the package)

  Regression test needs the Makefiles and some header files like *fmgr*.h
  which can be built by -
  # rpm --short-circuit -bc postgresql*.spec ( .. use short circuit to
  bypass!)
  Abort the build by CTRL+C, when you see 'make -C common  SUBSYS.o'
  By this time configure is successful and all makefiles and headers
  are created. You do not need to proceed any further
  # cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD
  # chown -R postgres postgresql*
  # su - postgres
  bash$ cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD/postgresql-6.5.3/src/test/regress
  bash$ more README
  bash$ make clean; make all runtest
  bash$ more regress.out
  ______________________________________________________________________



  6.15.  Emergency Bug fixes

  Sometimes emergency bug fix patches are released after the GA release
  of PostgreSQL. You can apply these optional patches depending upon the
  needs of your application. Follow these steps to apply the patches -
  Change directory to postgresql source directory


                       # rpm -i postgresql*.src.rpm
                       # cd /usr/src/postgresql6.5.3
                       # man patch
                       # patch -p0 < patchfile
                       # make clean
                       # make



  The patch files are located in

  ·  PostgreSQL patches :  <ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/patches>

  7.  PostgreSQL Supports Extremely Large Databases greater than 200 Gig

  Performance of 32-bit cpu machines will decline rapidly when the
  database size exceeds 5 GigaByte. You can run 30 gig database on
  32-bit cpu but the performance will be degraded.  Machines with 32-bit
  cpu imposes a limitation of 2 GB on RAM, 2 GB on file system sizes and
  other limitations on the operating system. Use the special filesystems
  for linux made by SGI, IBM or HP or ext3-fs to support file-sizes
  greater than 2 GB on 32-bit linux machines.

  For extremely large databases, it is strongly advised to use 64-bit
  machines like Digital Alpha cpu, Sun Ultra-sparc 64-bit cpu, Silicon
  graphics 64-bit cpu, Intel Merced IA-64 cpu, HPUX 64bit machines or
  IBM 64-bit machines. Compile PostgreSQL under 64-bit cpu and it can
  support huge databases and large queries. Performance of PostgreSQL
  for queries on large tables and databases will be several times faster
  than PostgreSQL on 32-bit cpu machines. Advantage of 64-bit machines
  are that you get very large memory addressing space and the operating
  system can support very large file-systems, provide better performance
  with large databases, support much larger memory (RAM), have more
  capabilities etc..

  8.  How can I trust PostgreSQL ? Regression Test Package builds cus­
  tomer confidence

  Thanks to "Laws of Physics", it is possible to SCIENTIFICALLY verify
  whether PostgreSQL is working as per ISO/ANSI SQL specifications.  To
  validate PostgreSQL, regression test package (src/test/regress) is
  included in the distribution.  Regression test package will verify the
  standard SQL operations as well as the extensibility capabilities of
  PostgreSQL.  The test package already contains hundreds of SQL test
  programs.

  You should use the computer's high-speed power to validate the
  PostgreSQL, instead of using human brain power.  Computers can carry
  out software regression tests millions or even billions of times
  faster than humans can.  Modern computers can run billions of SQL
  tests in a very short time.  In the near future the speed of computer
  will be several zillion times faster than human brain!  Hence, it
  makes sense to use the power of computer to validate the software.

  You can add more tests just in case you need to, and can upload to the
  primary PostgreSQL web site if you feel that it will be useful to
  others on internet.  Regression test package helps build customer
  confidence and trust in PostgreSQL and facilitates rapid deployment of
  PostgreSQL on production systems.

  Regression test package can be taken as a "VERY SOLID" technical
  document mutually agreed upon between the developers and end-users.
  PostgreSQL developers extensively use the regression test package
  during development period and also before releasing the software to
  public to ensure good quality.

  Capablilities of PostgreSQL are directly reflected by the regression
  test package.  If a functionality, syntax or feature exists in the
  regression test package then it is supported, and all others which are
  NOT listed in the package MAY not be supported by PostgreSQL!! You may
  need to verify those and add it to regression test package.

  9.  GUI FrontEnd Tool for PostgreSQL (Graphical User Interface)

  Web browser will be the most popular GUI front-end in the future.  A
  major portion of code should be written in Web server scripting (and
  compiling) language ``PHP+Zend compiler'', HTML, DHTML and with little
  bit of JavaScript and Java-Applets on web-client side.  It is
  recommended that you migrate all of your "legacy" Windows 95/NT
  applications to PHP + HTML + DHTML and Zend compiler. PHP is extremely
  powerful as it combines the power of Perl, Java, C++, Javascript into
  one single language and it runs on all OSes - unixes and Windows
  NT/95.

  The best tools in the order of preference are -

  ·  PHP script and Zend compiler at ``PHP+Zend compiler''

  ·  X-Designer supports C++, Java and MFC  <http://www.ist.co.uk/xd>

  ·  Qt for Windows95 and Unix at  <http://www.troll.no> and
     <ftp://ftp.troll.no>

  ·  Code Crusader is on linux cdrom, freeware based on MetroWorks Code
     Warrior
     <http://www.kaze.stetson.edu/cdevel/code_crusader/about.html>
  ·  Code Warrior from MetroWorks  <http://www.metrowerks.com>

  ·  GNU Prof C++ IDE from (Redhat) <http://www.redhat.com> Cygnus
     <http://www.cygnus.com>

  ·  Borland C++ Builder for Linux  <http://www.inprise.com>

  ·  Borland Java JBuilder for Linux  <http://www.inprise.com>

  Language choices in the order of preference are -

  1. PHP Web server scripting, HTML, DHTML with Javascrpt client
     scripting and Java-Applets.

  2. Perl scripting language using Perl-Qt or Perl-Tk ``''

  3. Omnipresent and Omnipotent language C++ (GNU g++):

  ·  Fast CGI(written in GNU C++) with Javascript/Java-Applets as Web-
     GUI-frontend.

  ·  GNU C++ and QtEZ or QT

  ·  GNU C++ with Lesstiff or Motif.

  4. Java but its programs run very slow and has license fees. C++ is 20
     times faster  than Java!!

  There are other tools available - PostgreSQL has Tcl/Tk interface
  library in the distribution called 'pgTcl'.  There is a IDE
  (integrated development environment) for Tcl/Tk called SpecTcl.


  ·  Lesstiff Motif tool
     <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/lesstiff*.rpm>

  ·  Vibe Java/C++ is at  <http://www.LinuxMall.com/products/00487.html>

  ·  JccWarrior  <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/jcc*.rpm>

  ·  Tcl/Tk  <http://www.scriptics.com>

  ·  Object oriented extension of Tcl called INCR at
     <http://www.tcltk.com>

  ·  Visual TCL site  <http://www.neuron.com>

  ·  Visual TCL Redhat rpm at
     <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/visualtcl*.rpm>

  ·  <http://sunscript.sun.com/>

  ·  <http://sunscript.sun.com/TclTkCore/>

  ·  <ftp://ftp.sunlabs.com/pub/tcl/tcl8.0a2.tar.Z>

  ·  Java FreeBuilder  <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/free*.rpm>

  ·  SpecTCL  <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/spec*.rpm>

  ·  Java RAD Tool for PostgreSQL Kanchenjunga
     <http://www.man.ac.uk/~whaley/kj/kanch.html>

  ·  Applixware Tool  <http://www.redhat.com>


  ·  XWPE X Windows Programming Environment
     <http://www.rpi.edu/~payned/xwpe/>
     <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/xwpe*.rpm>

  ·  XWB X Windows Work Bench
     <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/xwb*.rpm>

  ·  NEdit  <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386/nedit*.rpm>

     You can also use Borland C++ Builder, Delphi, Borland JBuilder,
     PowerBuilder on Windows95 connecting to PostgreSQL on unix box
     through ODBC/JDBC drivers.

  10.  Interface Drivers for PostgreSQL


  10.1.  ODBC Drivers for PostgreSQL

  ODBC stands for 'Open DataBase Connectivity' established by Microsoft,
  is a popular standard for accessing information from various databases
  from different vendors. Applications written using the ODBC drivers
  are guaranteed to work with various databases like PostgreSQL, Oracle,
  Sybase, Informix etc..


  ·  PostODBC <http://www.insightdist.com/psqlodbc> is already included
     in the distribution. See main web site
     <http://www.postgresql.org>. It is included on the PostgreSQL
     CDROM.

  ·  Open source code ODBC project is at  <http://www.iodbc.org>

  ·  <http://www.openlinksw.com> Open Link Software Corporation is
     selling ODBC for PostgreSQL and other databases.  Open Link also is
     giving away free ODBC (limited seats) check them out.

  ·  Insight ODBC for PostgreSQL  <http://www.insightdist.com/psqlodbc>
     This is the official PostODBC site.

  ·  FreeODBC package  <http://www.ids.net/~bjepson/freeODBC/> This is a
     free of cost version of ODBC.

  10.2.  UDBC Drivers for PostgreSQL

  UDBC is a static version of ODBC independent of driver managers and
  DLL support, used to embed database connectivity support directly into
  applications.

  ·  <http://www.openlinksw.com> Open Link Software Corporation is
     selling UDBC for PostgreSQL and other databases.  Open Link also is
     giving away free UDBC (limited seats) check them out.

  10.3.  JDBC Drivers for PostgreSQL

  JDBC stands for 'Java DataBase Connectivity'. Java is a platform
  independent programming language developed by Sun Microsystems. Java
  programmers are encouraged to write database applications using the
  JDBC to facilitate portability across databases like PostgreSQL,
  Oracle, informix, etc. If you write Java applications you can get JDBC
  drivers for PostgreSQL from the following sites:

  JDBC driver is already included in the PostgreSQL distribution in
  postgresql-jdbc*.rpm.



  ·  <http://www.demon.co.uk/finder/postgres/index.html> Sun's Java
     connectivity to PostgreSQL

  ·  <ftp://ftp.ai.mit.edu/people/rst/rst-jdbc.tar.gz>

  ·  <http://www.openlinksw.com> Open Link Software Corporation is
     selling JDBC for PostgreSQL and other databases.  Open Link also is
     giving away free JDBC (limited seats) check them out.

  ·  JDBC UK site  <http://www.retep.org.uk/postgres>

  ·  JDBC FAQ site  <http://eagle.eku.edu/tools/jdbc/faq.html>

  The JDBC home, guide and FAQ are located at -

  ·  JDBC HOME  <http://splash.javasoft.com/jdbc>

  ·  JDBC guide
     <http://www.javasoft.com/products/jdk/1.1/docs/guide/jdbc>

  ·  JDBC FAQ  <http://javanese.yoyoweb.com/JDBC/FAQ.txt>

     See the section - ``Testing Java PostgreSQL interface''

  10.4.  Java for PostgreSQL

  Java programmers can find these for PostgreSQL very useful.

  ·  <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386> and see postgresql-
     jdbc-*.rpm

  ·  <http://www.blackdown.org>

     See the section - ``Testing Java PostgreSQL interface''

  11.  Perl Database Interface (DBI) Driver for PostgreSQL


  11.1.  Perl 5 interface for PostgreSQL

  PERL is an acronym for 'Practical Extraction and Report Language'.
  Perl is available on each and every operating system and hardware
  platform in the world.  You can use Perl on Windows95/NT, Apple
  Macintosh iMac, all flavors of Unix (Solaris, HPUX, AIX, Linux, Irix,
  SCO etc..), mainframe MVS, desktop OS/2, OS/400, Amdahl UTS and many
  others.  Perl runs EVEN on many unpopular or generally-unknown
  operating systems and hardware!!  So do not be surprised if you see
  perl running on a very rarely used operating system.  You can imagine
  the vast extent of the user base and developer base of Perl.

  Perl interface for PostgreSQL is included in the distribution of
  PostgreSQL. Check in src/pgsql_perl5 directory.

  ·  Pgsql_perl5 contact Email: E.Mergl@bawue.de

  ·  Another source from -
     <ftp://ftp.kciLink.com/pub/PostgresPerl-1.3.tar.gz>

  ·  Perl Home page :  <http://www.perl.com/perl/index.html>

  ·  Perl tutorial, look for Tutorial title at :
     <http://reference.perl.com/>

  ·  Perl FAQ is at :
     <http://www.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/Programming_Languages/Perl/>

  ·  Perl GUI User Interfaces Perl-Qt rpm :
     <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386> and look for
     PerlQt-1.06-1.i386.rpm

  ·  Perl GUI User Interfaces Perl-Qt :
     <http://www.accessone.com/~jql/perlqt.html>

  ·  Perl GUI User Interfaces Perl-XForms :
     <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386> and look for
     Xforms4Perl-0.8.4-1.i386.rpm

  ·  Perl GUI User Interfaces Perl-Tk :
     <ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/contrib/i386>

  ·  Perl GUI kits :  <http://reference.perl.com/query.cgi?ui>

  ·  Perl Database Interfaces :
     <http://reference.perl.com/query.cgi?database>

  ·  Perl to "C" translator :  <http://www.perl.com/CPAN-
     local/modules/by-module/B/> and look for Compiler-a3.tar.gz

  ·  Bourne shell to Perl translator :
     <http://www.perl.com/CPAN/authors/id/MERLYN/sh2perl-0.02.tar.gz>

  ·  awk to Perl a2p and sed to Perl s2p is included with the PERl
     distribution.

  ·  See also the newsgroups for PERL at comp.lang.perl.*

  11.2.  Perl Database Interface DBI

  11.2.1.  WHAT IS DBI ?

  The Perl Database Interface (DBI) is a database access Application
  Programming Interface (API) for the Perl Language. The Perl DBI API
  specification defines a set of functions, variables and conventions
  that provide a consistent database interface independent of the actual
  database being used.

  ·  DBI FAQ author Descartes Hermetica is at descarte@hermetica.com

  11.2.2.  DBI driver for PostgreSQL DBD-Pg-0.89

  Get DBD-Pg-0.89.tar.gz from below

  ·  DBD-Pg-0.89 :  <http://www.perl.com/CPAN/modules/by-module/DBD/>

  ·  Comprehensive Perl Archive Network CPAN  <http://www.perl.com/CPAN>

  ·  DBI drivers list and DBI module pages
     <http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI>

  ·  DBI information is at  <http://www.fugue.com/dbi/>

  ·  Primary ftp site  <ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/perl/db>

  ·  Miscellaneous DBI link  <http://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/db.html>

  ·  Miscellaneous DBI link
     <http://www.odmg.org/odmg93/updates_dbarry.html>

  ·  Miscellaneous DBI link  <http://www.jcc.com/sql_stnd.html>

  ·  PostgreSQL database  <http://www.postgresql.org>

  11.2.3.  Technical support for DBI


  ·  Send comments and bug-reports to and include the output of perl -v,
     and perl -V, the version of PostgreSQL, the version of DBD-Pg, and
     the version of DBI in your bug-report.  E.Mergl@bawue.de

  11.2.4.  What is DBI, DBperl, Oraperl and *perl?

  To quote Tim Bunce, the architect and author of DBI:

  ``DBI is a database access Application Programming Interface (API) for
  the Perl Language. The DBI API Specification defines a set of
  functions, variables and conventions that provide a consistent
  database interface independent of the actual database being used.''

  In simple language, the DBI interface allows users to access multiple
  database types transparently. So, if you connecting to an Oracle,
  Informix, mSQL, Sybase or whatever database, you don't need to know
  the underlying mechanics of the 3GL layer. The API defined by DBI will
  work on all these database types.

  A similar benefit is gained by the ability to connect to two different
  databases of different vendor within the one perl script, ie, I want
  to read data from an Oracle database and insert it back into an
  Informix database all within one program. The DBI layer allows you to
  do this simply and powerfully.

  Here's a list of DBperl modules, their corresponding DBI counterparts
  and support information. DBI driver queries should be directed to the
  dbi-users mailing list.


           Module Name Database Required   Author          DBI
           ----------- -----------------   ------          ---
           Sybperl     Sybase              Michael Peppler DBD::Sybase
                                           <mpeppler@datamig.com>
                                           http://www.mbay.net/~mpeppler
           Oraperl     Oracle 6 & 7        Kevin Stock     DBD::Oracle
                                           <dbi-users@fugue.com>
           Ingperl     Ingres              Tim Bunce &     DBD::Ingres
                                           Ted Lemon
                                           <dbi-users@fugue.com>
           Interperl   Interbase           Buzz Moschetti  DBD::Interbase
                                           <buzz@bear.com>
           Uniperl     Unify 5.0           Rick Wargo      None
                                           <rickers@coe.drexel.edu>
           Pgperl      Postgres            Igor Metz       DBD::Pg
                                           <metz@iam.unibe.ch>
           Btreeperl   NDBM                John Conover    SDBM?
                                           <john@johncon.com>
           Ctreeperl   C-Tree              John Conover    None
                                           <john@johncon.com>
           Cisamperl   Informix C-ISAM     Mathias Koerber None
                                           <mathias@unicorn.swi.com.sg>
           Duaperl     X.500 Directory     Eric Douglas    None
                       User Agent



  However, some DBI modules have DBperl emulation layers, so, DBD::Ora­
  cle comes with an Oraperl emulation layer, which allows you to run
  legacy oraperl scripts without modification. The emulation layer
  translates the oraperl API calls into DBI calls and executes them
  through the DBI switch.
  11.2.5.  DBI specifications

  There are a few information sources on DBI.

  ·  DBI Specification
     <http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI/doc/dbispec>

     POD documentation PODs are chunks of documentation usually embedded
     within perl programs that document the code ``in place'', providing
     a useful resource for programmers and users of modules. POD for DBI
     and drivers is beginning to become more commonplace, and
     documentation for these modules can be read with the following
     commands.


  ______________________________________________________________________
  The POD for the DBI Specification can be read with the command
          $ perldoc DBI

  Users of the Oraperl emulation layer bundled with DBD::Oracle, may
  read up on how to program with the Oraperl interface by typing:
          $ perldoc Oraperl

  Users of the DBD::mSQL module may read about some of the private
  functions and quirks of that driver by typing:
          $ perldoc DBD::mSQL

  The Frequently Asked Questions is also available as
  POD documentation. Read this by typing:
          $ perldoc DBI::FAQ

  POD in general - Information on writing POD, and on the philosophy of POD in
  general, can be read by typing:
          $ perldoc perlpod
  ______________________________________________________________________


  Users with the Tk module installed may be interested to learn there is
  a Tk-based POD reader available called tkpod, which formats POD in a
  convenient and readable way.

  See also -

  ·  Information from DBI mailing lists
     <http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI/tidbits>

  ·  DBI Perl Journal website  <http://www.tpj.com>

  ·  ``DBperl'' This article, published in the November 1996 edition of
     ``Dr. Dobbs Journal''.

  ·  ``The Perl5 Database Interface'' a book to be written by Alligator
     Descartes and published by O'Reilly and Associates.

  The mailing lists that users may participate in are:

  ·  Mailing lists  <http://www.fugue.com/dbi>

  ·  dbi-announce Email: dbi-announce-request@fugue.com with a message
     body of 'subscribe'

  ·  dbi-dev For developers Email: dbi-dev-request@fugue.com with a
     message body of 'subscribe'

  ·  dbi-users general discussion Email: dbi-users-request@fugue.com
     with a message body of 'subscribe'
  ·  US Mailing List Archives  <http://outside.organic.com/mail-
     archives/dbi-users/>

  ·  European Mailing List Archives  <http://www.rosat.mpe-
     garching.mpg.de/mailing-lists/PerlDB-Interest>

  11.2.6.  Compilation problems or "It fails the test"

  If you have a core dump, try the Devel::CoreStack module for
  generating a stack trace from the core dump.  Devel::CoreStack can be
  found on CPAN at:

  ·  <http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=Devel::CoreStack>

  Email the dbi-users Mailing List stack trace, module versions, perl
  version, test cases, operating system versions and any other pertinent
  information.  The more information you send, the quicker developers
  can track problems down.

  11.2.7.  Is DBI supported under Windows 95 / NT platforms?

  The DBI and DBD::Oracle Win32 ports are now a standard part of DBI,
  so, downloading DBI of version higher than 0.81 should work fine.  You
  can access Microsoft Access and SQL-Server databases from DBI via
  ODBC.  Supplied with DBI-0.79 (and later) is an experimental DBI
  'emulation layer' for the Win32::ODBC module. It's called
  DBI::W32ODBC.  You will need the Win32::ODBC module.

  ·  Win32 DBI    <http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/perl/DBI/win32>

  ·  Win32 ODBC    <http://www.roth.net>

  11.2.8.  Is DBI any use for CGI programming?

  In a word, yes! DBI is hugely useful for CGI programming! In fact, CGI
  programming is one of two top uses for DBI.

  DBI confers the ability to CGI programmers to power WWW-fronted
  databases to their users, which provides users with vast quantities of
  ordered data to play with. DBI also provides the possibility that, if
  a site is receiving far too much traffic than their database server
  can cope with, they can upgrade the database server behind the scenes
  with no alterations to the CGI scripts.

  11.2.9.  How do I get faster connection times with DBD Oracle and CGI?

  The Apache httpd maintains a pool of httpd children to service client
  requests.  Using the Apache mod_perl module by Doug MacEachern, the
  perl interpreter is embedded with the httpd children. The CGI, DBI,
  and your other favorite modules can be loaded at the startup of each
  child. These modules will not be reloaded unless changed on disk.  For
  more information on Apache, see the Apache Project's WWW site:

  ·  Apache Project WWW site  <http://www.apache.org>

  ·  Mod_perl module  <http://www.perl.com/cgi-
     bin/cpan_mod?module=mod_perl>

  11.2.10.  How do I get persistent connections with DBI and CGI?

  Using Edmund Mergl's Apache::DBI module, database logins are stored in
  a hash with each of these httpd child. If your application is based on
  a single database user, this connection can be started with each
  child.  Currently, database connections cannot be shared between httpd
  children.  Apache::DBI can be downloaded from CPAN via:

  ·  <http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/cpan_mod?module=Apache::DBI>

  11.2.11.  ``When I run a perl script from the command line, it works,
  but, when I run it under the httpd, it fails!'' Why?

  Basically, a good chance this is occurring is due to the fact that the
  user that you ran it from the command line as has a correctly
  configured set of environment variables, in the case of DBD::Oracle,
  variables like $ORACLE_HOME, $ORACLE_SID or TWO_TASK.  The httpd
  process usually runs under the user id of nobody, which implies there
  is no configured environment. Any scripts attempting to execute in
  this situation will correctly fail.  To solve this problem, set the
  environment for your database in a BEGIN ( ) block at the top of your
  script. This will solve the problem.  Similarly, you should check your
  httpd error logfile for any clues, as well as the ``Idiot's Guide To
  Solving Perl / CGI Problems'' and ``Perl CGI Programming FAQ'' for
  further information. It is unlikely the problem is DBI-related. Read
  BOTH these documents carefully!

  ·  Guide to Solving Perl CGI problems
     <http://www.perl.com/perl/faq/index.html>

  11.2.12.  Multi-threading with DBI?

  For some OCI example code for Oracle that has multi-threaded SELECT
  statements, see:

  ·  <http://www.hermetica.com/technologia/oracle/oci/orathreads.tar.gz>

  11.2.13.  How can I invoke stored procedures with DBI?

  Assuming that you have created a stored procedure within the target
  database, eg, an Oracle database, you can use $dbh->do to immediately
  execute the procedure. For example,

  $dbh->do( "BEGIN someProcedure END" );

  11.2.14.  How can I get return values from stored procedures with DBI?

  Remember to perform error checking, though!


           $sth = $dbh->prepare( "BEGIN foo(:1, :2, :3); END;" );
           $sth->bind_param(1, $a);
           $sth->bind_param_inout(2, \$path, 2000);
           $sth->bind_param_inout(3, \$success, 2000);
           $sth->execute;



  11.2.15.  How can I create or drop a database with DBI?

  Database creation and deletion are concepts that are entirely too
  abstract to be adequately supported by DBI. For example, Oracle does
  not support the concept of dropping a database at all! Also, in
  Oracle, the database server essentially is the database, whereas in
  mSQL, the server process runs happily without any databases created in
  it. The problem is too disparate to attack.  Some drivers, therefore,
  support database creation and deletion through the private func
  methods. You should check the documentation for the drivers you are
  using to see if they support this mechanism.



  11.2.16.  How are NULL values handled by DBI?

  NULL values in DBI are specified to be treated as the value undef.
  NULLs can be inserted into databases as NULL, for example:


           $rv = $dbh->do( "INSERT INTO table VALUES( NULL )" );



  but when queried back, the NULLs should be tested against undef. This
  is standard across all drivers.

  11.2.17.  What are these func methods all about?

  The func method is defined within DBI as being an entry point for
  database-specific functionality, eg, the ability to create or drop
  databases. Invoking these driver-specific methods is simple, for
  example, to invoke a createDatabase method that has one argument, we
  would write:


           $rv = $dbh->func( 'argument', 'createDatabase' );



  Software developers should note that the func methods are non-portable
  between databases.

  11.2.18.  Commercial Support and Training

  PERL CLINIC : The Perl Clinic can arrange commercial support contracts
  for Perl, DBI, DBD::Oracle and Oraperl. Support is provided by the
  company with whom Tim Bunce, author of DBI, works. For more
  information on their services, please see :

  ·  <http://www.perl.co.uk/tpc>

  11.3.  Testing Perl interface

  See the section - ``Testing Perl PostgreSQL interface''

  12.  PostgreSQL Management Tools


  12.1.  PGACCESS - A GUI Tool for PostgreSQL Management

  PgAccess is a Tcl/Tk interface to PostgreSQL.  It is already included
  in the distribution of PostgreSQL.  You may want to check out this web
  site for a newer copy

  ·  <http://www.flex.ro/pgaccess>

  ·  If you have any comment, suggestion for improvements, e-mail to :
     teo@flex.ro

     Usage of pgaccess -



     ___________________________________________________________________
     # man xhost
     # xhost +
     # su - postgres
     bash$ man pgaccess
     bash$ export DISPLAY=<hostname>:0.0
     bash$ pgaccess mydatabase
     ___________________________________________________________________



  Features of PgAccess

  PgAccess windows - Main window, Table builder, Table(query) view,
  Visual query builder.

  Tables

  ·  opening tables for viewing, max 200 records (changed by preferences
     menu)

  ·  column resizing, dragging the vertical grid line (better in table
     space rather than in the table header)

  ·  text wrap in cells - layout saved for every table

  ·  import/export to external files (SDF,CSV)

  ·  filter capabilities (enter filter like (price>3.14)

  ·  sort order capabilities (enter manually the sort field(s))

  ·  editing in place

  ·  improved table generator assistant

  ·  improved field editing

  Queries

  ·  define , edit and stores "user defined queries"

  ·  store queries as views

  ·  execution of queries

  ·  viewing of select type queries result

  ·  query deleting and renaming

  ·  Visual query builder with drag & drop capabilities. For any of you
     who had installed the Tcl/Tk plugin for Netscape Navigator, you can
     see it at work clicking here

  Sequences

  ·  defines sequences, delete them and inspect them Functions

  ·  define, inspect and delete functions in SQL language

  Future implementation will have

  ·  table design (add new fields, renaming, etc.)

  ·  function definition

  ·  report generator

  ·  basic scripting

  INFORMATION ABOUT LIBGTCL

  You will need the PostgreSQL to Tcl interface library libgtcl, lined
  as a Tcl/Tk 'load'-able module. The libpgtcl and the source is located
  in the PostgreSQL directory /src/interfaces/libpgtcl. Specifically,
  you will need a libpgtcl library that is 'load'-able from Tcl/Tk. This
  is technically different from an ordinary PostgreSQL loadable object
  file, because libpgtcl is a collection of object files. Under Linux,
  this is called libpgtcl.so.  You can download from the above site a
  version already compiled for Linux i386 systems. Just copy libpgtcl.so
  into your system library director (/usr/lib).  One of the solutions is
  to remove from the source the line containing load libpgtcl.so and to
  load pgaccess.tcl not with wish, but with pgwish (or wishpg) that wish
  that was linked with libpgtcl library.

  If you get crypt not found during compilation pgaccess source tree
  then use -lcrypt.


  12.2.  Windows Interactive Query Tool for PostgreSQL (WISQL or MPSQL)

  MPSQL provides users with a graphical SQL interface to PostgresSQL.
  MPSQL is similar to Oracle's SQL Worksheet and Microsoft SQL Server's
  query tool WISQL.  It has nice GUI and has history of commands. Also
  you can cut and paste and it has other nice features to improve your
  productivity.

  ·  <http://www.troubador.com/~keidav/index.html>

  ·  Email: keidav@whidbey.com

  ·  <http://www.ucolick.org/~de/> in file tcl_syb/wisql.html

  ·  <http://www.troubador.com/~keidav/index.html>

  ·  Email: de@ucolick.org

  12.3.  Interactive Query Tool (ISQL) for PostgreSQL called PSQL

  ISQL is for character command line terminals.  This is included in the
  distribution, and is called "psql". Very similar to Sybase ISQL,
  Oracle SQLplus. At unix prompt give command 'psql' which will put you
  in psql> prompt.


       bash# su - postgres
       bash$ man psql
       bash$ psql mydatabase
       Type \h to see help of commands.



  Very user friendly and easy to use.  Can also be accessed from shell
  scripts.

  12.4.  MPMGR - A Database Management Tool for PostgresSQL

  MPMGR will provide a graphical management interface for PostgresSQL.
  You can find it at


  ·  <http://www.mutinybaysoftware.com/>

  ·  Email: keidav@mutinybaysoftware.com

  ·  <http://www.troubador.com/~keidav/index.html>

  ·  Email: keidav@whidbey.com

  ·  <http://www.ucolick.org/~de> in file tcl_syb/wisql.html

  ·  WISQL for PostgreSQL  <http://www.ucolick.org/~de/Tcl/pictures>

  ·  Email: de@ucolick.org

  13.  Setting up multi-boxes PostgreSQL with just one monitor

  If you do want to spend money on hardware switches than you can use
  VNC (Virtual Network Computing) Technology from the telecom giant AT &
  T. VNC is GPLed and is a free software. Using VNC you can run
  PostgreSQL programs on computers without monitors and display on
  remote boxes with monitors!! But the boxes must be connected via
  ethernet Network Interface Cards.  VNC is at
  <http://www.uk.research.att.com/vnc>

  You can stack up multiple CPU-boxes and connect to just one monitor
  and use the KVM (Keyboard, Video, Monitor) switch box to select the
  host.  This saves space and avoids a lot of clutter and also
  eliminates monitor, keyboard and the mouse (saving anywhere from 100
  to 500 US dollars per set).

  Using this switch box, you can stack up many PostgreSQL servers
  (development, test, production), Web servers, ftp servers, Intranet
  servers, Mail servers, News servers in a tower shelf. The switch box
  can be used for controlling Windows 95/NT or OS/2 boxes as well.

  Please check out these sites:

  ·  DataComm Warehouse Inc at 1-800-328-2261. They supply all varieties
     of computer hardware  <http://www.warehouse.com> 4-port Manual KVM
     switch (PS/2) is about $89.99 Part No. DDS1354

  ·  Network Technologies Inc
     <http://www.networktechinc.com/servswt.html> (120 dollars/PC 8
     ports) which lists

  ·  Scene Double Inc, England
     <http://www.scene.demon.co.uk/qswitch.htm>

  ·  Cybex corporation  <http://www.cybex.com>

  ·  Raritan Inc  <http://www.raritan.com>

  ·  RealStar Solutions Inc  <http://www.real-star.com/kvm.htm>

  ·  Belkin Inc  <http://www.belkin.com>

  ·  Better Box Communications Ltd.
     <http://www.betterbox.com/info.html>

  ·  Go to nearest hardware store and ask for "Server Switch" also known
     as "KVM Auto Switches".

  Search engine yahoo to find more companies with "Server Switches" or
  "KVM Switches".


  It is strongly recommended to have a dedicated unix box for each
  PostgreSQL data-server for better performance. No other application
  program/processes should run on this box. See the Business section of
  your local newspapers for local vendors selling only intel box, 13"
  monochrome monitor (very low cost monitor). Local vendors sell just
  the hardware without any Microsoft Windows/DOS.  You do not need a
  color monitor for the database server, as you can do remote
  administration from color PC workstation.  Get RedHat (or some other
  distribution of) Linux cdrom from below -

  ·  Linux System Labs Web site:   <http://www.lsl.com/>  7 (U.S.
     dollars)

  ·  Cheap Bytes Inc Web site:   <http://www.cheapbytes.com/> 7 (U.S.
     dollars)

     Make sure that the hardware you purchase is supported by Redhat
     Linux. Check the ftp site of Redhat for recommended hardware like
     SCSI adapters, video cards before buying.  For just $ 600 you will
     get a powerful intel box with Redhat Linux running PostgreSQL.  Use
     odbc/jdbc/perl/tcl to connect to PostgreSQL from Windows95, OS/2,
     Unix Motif or web browser (e.g. Redbaron, Opera, Netscape, 20
     others).  (Web browsers are very fast becoming the standard GUI
     client).

  Using KVM switch you can control many cpu boxes by just one monitor
  and one keyboard!

  14.  Web-Application-Servers for PostgreSQL

  Several Web-Application-Servers work with PostgreSQL both open-source
  and commercial versions. The popular open-source Web-Application-
  Servers are Enhydra and Zope and commercial Web-Application-Servers
  are IBM Websphere, BEA Weblogic.

  14.1.  Enhydra

  Enhydra is a immensely popular Web-Application-Server created by
  'Lutris Corporation'.  It is written in 100% pure Java and is
  available from <http://www.enhydra.org>. Enhydra is a open-sourcecode
  project but is commercially sold and supported by Lutris Corp. Visit
  <http://www.lutris.com>

  See also Enterprise Java HOWTO at
  <http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Enterprise-Java-for-Linux-HOWTO.html>

  14.2.  Zope

  Python is becoming immensely popular "pure" object-oriented scripting
  language.  Zope is a Web-Application server and provides interfaces to
  PostgreSQL.  Zope is available at  <http://www.zope.org> Python is at
  <http://www.python.org>

  15.  Applications and Tools for PostgreSQL


  15.1.  PostgreSQL 4GL for web database applications - AppGEN Develop­
  ment System

  AppGEN can be downloaded from

  ·  <http://www.man.ac.uk/~whaley/ag/appgen.html>

  ·  <ftp://ftp.mcc.ac.uk/pub/linux/ALPHA/AppGEN>.

     AppGEN is a high level fourth generation language and application
     generator for producing World Wide Web (WWW) based applications.
     These applications are typically used over the internet or within a
     corporate intranet. AppGEN applications are implemented as C
     scripts conforming to the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) standard
     supported by most Web Servers.

  To use AppGEN you will need the following :-

  PostgresSQL, relational database management system

  A CGI compatible web server such as NCSA's HTTPD

  An ansi C compiler such as GCC

  AppGEN consists of the following Unix (Linux) executables :-


  ·  defgen, which produces a basic template application from a logical
     data structure. The applications are capable of adding, updating,
     deleting and searching for records within the database whilst
     automatically maintaining referential integrity.


  ·  appgen, the AppGEN compiler which compiles the appgen source code
     into CGI executable C source and HTML formatted documents ready for
     deployment on a web server.


  ·  dbf2sql, a utility fo converting dBase III compatible .dbf files
     into executable SQL scripts. This enables data stored in most
     DOS/Windows based database packages to be migrated to a SQL server
     such as PostgresSQL.

  ·  In addition, AppGEN comprises of a collection of HTML documents,
     GIF files and Java applets which are used at runtime by the system.
     And of course, like all good software, the full source code is
     included.

  The author, Andrew Whaley, can be contacted on

  ·  andrew@arthur.smuht.nwest.nhs.uk

  15.2.  WWW Web interface for PostgresSQL - DBENGINE

  dbengine a plug 'n play Web interface for PostgreSQL created by Ingo
  Ciechowski. It is at

  ·  <http://www.cis-computer.com/software/dbengine>

     About DBENGINE : dbengine is an interface between the WWW and
     Postgres95 which provides simple access to any existing database
     within just a few minutes.

  PHP gives you a Perl like language in your documents, but no real Perl
  while AppGen and wdb-p95 require that you create some configuration
  file for each of your databases -- sound's like you'll first of all
  have to learn some sort of new meta language before you can get
  started.

  Unlike other tools you don't have to learn any special programming or
  scripting language to get started with dbengine. Also there's no
  configuration file for each database, so you don't have to get
  familiar with such a new structure.  However - in case you want to
  gain access to the full features of dbengine it'd be a good idea to
  know the Perl language.

  The whole system can be configured by simple manipulations of an
  additional database that contains closer information about how to
  visualize your database access.  You can even specify virtual Fields
  which are calculated on the fly right before they're displayed on the
  screen.

  15.3.  Apache Webserver Module for PostgreSQL - NeoSoft NeoWebScript

  Apache is a well-known Web Server. And a module to interface
  PostgreSQL to Apache Webserver is at -

  ·  <http://www.neosoft.com/neowebscript/>

     NeoWebScript is a programming language that allows both simple and
     complex programs to be embedded into HTML files.

  When an HTML page containing embedded NeoWebScript is requested, the
  NeoWebScript-enabled webserver executes the embedded script(s),
  producing a webpage containing customized content created by the
  program.

  NeoWebScript is a fast, secure, easy to learn way to do powerful,
  server-based interactive programming directly in the HTML code in web
  pages. With NeoWebScript, counters, email forms, graffiti walls, guest
  books and visitor tracking are all easy, even for a beginning
  programmer. See how well NeoWebScript holds its' own vs. PERL and
  JavaScript.

  If you'd like to install NeoWebScript on your webserver, your
  Webmaster needs to read our Sysop FAQ to get started. Theory of
  Operations will explain how NeoWebScript works, while installation
  will take them through the steps. Management deals with configuration
  issues and running the server, tests let you verify correct
  NeoWebScript operation, and troubleshooting deals with server
  problems.

  There is no cost to you to use NeoWebScript-2.2 for your ISP, your
  intranet, or your extranet.  You'll see a full license when you
  register to download, but it costs $ 99 if you want to embed it in
  your own product or use it in a commerce (eg. SSL) server.

  NeoWebScript is a module for the Apache webserver that allows you to
  embed the Tcl/Tk programming language in your webpages as a scripting
  tool. It was invented by Karl Lehenbauer, NeoSoft's Chief Technical
  Officer, and documented, enhanced and extended by NeoSoft's
  programmers and technical writers.

  The Apache webserver is the world's most popular webserver, accounting
  for 68 % of the sites polled.

  Tcl/Tk is the powerful, free, cross-platform scripting language
  developed by Dr. John Ousterhout. In his own words

  "Tcl/Tk lets software developers get the job done ten times faster
  than with toolkits based on C or C++. It's also a great glue language
  for making existing applications work together and making them more
  graphical and Internet-aware."

  Karl Lehenbauer, Founder and Chief Technical Officer of NeoSoft, has
  been part of Tcl/Tk development from the very beginning.  Together
  with Mark Diehkans, they authored Extended Tcl, also known as TclX or
  NeoSoft Tcl, a powerful set of extensions to the language. Many of the
  current core Tcl commands originated in Extended Tcl, and were then
  imported into the core language by Dr.  Ousterhout.


  NeoSoft Inc., 1770 St. James Place, Suite 500, Houston, TX 77056 USA

  15.4.  HEITML server side extension of HTML and a 4GL language for
  PostgreSQL

  Tool heitml is another way to interface postgres with the world wide
  web.  For more details contact


                 Helmut Emmelmann H.E.I. Informationssyteme GmbH
                 Wimpfenerstrasse 23 Tel. 49-621-795141
                 68259 Mannheim Germany Fax. 49-621-795161



  ·  E-mail Mr.Helmut Emmelmann at emmel@h-e-i.de

  ·  Heitml main web site  <http://www.heitml.com>

  ·  Heitml secondary web site  <http://www.h-e-i.deom>

  heitml is a server side extension of HTML and a 4GL language at the
  same time. People can write web applications in the HTML style by
  using new HTML-like tags.

  heitml (pronounced "Hi"-TML) is an extension of HTML and a full-
  featured 4th generation language that enables Web-based Applications
  to interact with data stored in SQL databases, without resorting to
  complex CGI scripts.

  heitml extends HTML on the sever side, dynamically converting ".hei"
  files to HTML format and so is compatible with any web browser.It
  embraces the familiar, easy-to-use HTML syntax and provides a large
  assortment of pre-developed Tags and Libraries to take care of tasks
  that formerly required CGI. As XML, heitml provides user defined tags.
  With heitml the user defined markup can be translated to HTML and send
  to a browser.

  heitml targets both HTML designers and professional programmers alike.
  HTML designers can use heitml Tags to build dynamic web pages, access
  SQL databases, or create complete web applications. Counters,
  registration databases, search forms, email forms, or hierarchical
  menues can all be created simply by using the pre-developed HTML-like
  Tags found in the many Component Libraries.

  For programmers heitml embeds a complete forth generation language in
  HTML


                 (e.g. <if>, <while>, and <let> Tags),



  plus powerful expression evaluation with integer, real, boolean,
  string, and tuple data types. Tuples have reference semantics as in
  modern object oriented languages and are stored on a heap. heitml
  variables including all complex data structures stored on the heap
  maintain their values between pages using the Session Mode. It is pos­
  sible to define your own tags or environment tags and even re-define
  HTML-tags.

  heitml makes it possible to

  - - - develop Web Sites in a structured and modular way, drastically
  reducing maintenance overhead.

  - - - develop intelligent and interactive Web Sites, with content that
  dynamically adapts itself to user needs.

  - - - show the content of SQL databases with no programming other than
  to use our library of prefined "dba" Tags.

  - - - develop complex database and Catalog Shopping applications using
  Session Variables

  heitml runs on Linux with any Web Server using the CGI interface, and
  is especially fast (avoiding the CGI overhead) within the APACHE Web
  Server using the apache API. Currently MSQL (Version 1 and 2),
  PostgreSQL (Version 6), mysql, and the yard databases are supported).
  heitml also works on Linux, BSDi, Solaris and SunOS, as well as
  Windows NT with CGI and ISAPI and ODBC and Windows 95.

  heitml (on linux) is free for research, non-commercial and private
  usage. Commercial Web Sites must pay a licensing fee. The fully
  operational version of heitml is available for a trial period
  downloaded freely. (Note, however, that each ".hei" Web Page you
  develop will display a message identifying it as the version for non-
  commercial use. After registration, you will receive a key to switch
  off the message without having to re-install the program.)

  heitml (pronounced "Hi"-TML) significantly extends and enhances the
  functionality of HTML by definable tags and full programming features.
  This makes dynamic content and database applications possible simply
  within the HTML world, without CGI and without external scripting or
  programming languages.  This means you, as an HTML author, can embed
  applications in your web pages, simply by using some new tags without
  CGI and without programming. As an advanced user or programmer on the
  other hand you can create and program powerful tag libraries. This
  approach makes heitml suitable for HTML newcomers and professional
  programmers alike.  heitml runs on the web server and dynamically
  generates HTML, so heitml is compatible with the internet standards
  and with any web browser. It allows full access to databases while
  shielding the user from any unneccessary CGI complexity. heitml has
  been developed according to the newst research and in compiler
  construction and transaction systems.

  heitml pages are developed just the same way as HTML pages, with a
  text editor or HTML editor, and placed on the web server as usual.
  However now pages can contain dynamic heitml tags and access tag
  libraries.  You can use these tags to access the database, to create
  dynamic content, to send emails, and even to create powerful
  applications like registration databases and shopping systems.

  HTML newcomers and professional programmers alike will be amazed at
  how quickly and easily they can design exciting applications like our
  Interactive Guestbook without resorting to complex and difficult to
  learn CGI scripts, simply by using the tools provided in our dba
  Library.

  heitml is accompanied by a wide range of tag libraries, to create
  guestbooks, database maintenance applications, extensible query forms,
  powerful email forms or structure your web site using a hierarchic
  menu. These tools are ready to go, just add the corresponding tags to
  your web site.

  As an experienced programmer you can make fully use of the heitml
  persistent dynamic tuple architecture : heitml is not just a scripting
  language with dynamic typing, full power expression evaluation,
  recursive procedures and extensive parameter passing features, but it
  also features persistent dynamic tuples to automatically keep session
  data of any size.

  15.5.  America On-line AOL Web server for PostgreSQL

  The no-cost commercial webserver, AOLserver supports database
  connections to PostgreSQL for more information see

  ·  AOL Web Server home  <http://www.aolserver.com>

  ·  Introduction to AOLserver by Philip Greenspun
     <http://photo.net/wtr/aolserver/introduction-1.html>

     AOLserver is a fast, fully multithreaded, Tcl enabled webserver.
     But not only that, it is a complete database-backed web development
     platform.  With AOLserver you can have multiple pooled connections
     to PostgreSQL (and other RBDMSs) that can be shared among different
     threads. AOLserver has a Tcl and C APIs that allow you to develop
     powerful dynamic websites. All this since 1995. It is licensed
     under the APL (AOLserver Public License) or the GPL, thus being
     totally free software.  The Tcl API is the most useful for web
     sites. AOLserver has a set of powerful Tcl calls, such as
     ns_sendmail (to send e-mail), ns_httpget (to fetch a URL),
     ns_schedule (a cron-like feature to schedule procedures to run at
     specific times), etc. You can also extend AOLserver's capabilities
     very easily with the Tcl API. Each AOLserver virtual server can
     have its own "library" of private Tcl scripts that are parsed by
     AOLserver and become accessible to any page within that virtual
     server.  You can develop pages for AOLserver in three ways: - Plain
     HTML - .tcl pages -- these are tcl programs that can return HTML
     via the ns_write call.  - .adp pages -- AOL Dynamic Pages. You
     develop your pages in plain HTML but you can scape to Tcl code by
     using <% %> or <%= %> much alike PHP or ASP.  While AOLserver is a
     great webserver with a superb architecture, where it really shines
     is in database connectivity. AOLserver has its own database
     abstraction layer that enables you to have it connected to
     different RDBMSs without changing your code at all. The connections
     do the RDBMS are pooled, persistent and are shared among different
     threads.  This allows for very fast connections and efficient use
     of resources.  AOLserver has drivers for all major RDBMSs:
     PostgreSQL, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, Illustra, Solid, Interbase,
     MySQL.

  15.6.  Problem/Project Tracking System Application Tool for PostgreSQL

  This is at

  ·  <http://www.homeport.org/~shevett/pts/>

  15.7.  Convert dbase dbf files to PostgreSQL

  The program dbf2msql works fine with mSQL and PostgreSQL. You can find
  it at

  ·  <ftp://ftp.nerosworld.com/pub/SQL/dbf2sql/>

  ·  <ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/incoming/dbf2pg-3.0.tar.gz>

  This program was written by Maarten Boekhold, Faculty of Electrical
  Engineering TU Delft, NL Computer Architecture and Digital Technique
  section

  ·  M.Boekhold@et.tudelft.nl

  You can also use a python method to read dbf files and load into a
  postgres database.
  ·  See  <http://www.python.org>

  15.8.  Convert Microsoft Access MDB database files to PostgreSQL

  MDB Tools is a planned set of libraries and utilities to facilitate
  exporting data from MS Access databases (mdb files) into a multiuser
  database such as Oracle, Sybase, DB2, Informix, MySQL, Postgresql, or
  similar.

  ·  Get MDB tool from  <http://mdbtools.sourceforge.net>

  ·  Mailing list
     <http://lists.sourceforge.net/mailman/listinfo/mdbtools-dev>

  16.  Web Database Design/Implementation tool for PostgreSQL - EARP


  ·  <http://www.oswego.edu/Earp>

  ·  <ftp://ftp.oswego.edu> in the directory 'pub/unix/earp'.

  16.1.  What is EARP ?

  The "Easily Adjustable Response Program" (EARP) created by David
  Dougherty.  EARP is a Web Database Design/Implementation tool, built
  on top of the PostgreSQL database system. Its functionality includes:


  ·  A Visual Design System.

  ·  A sendmail interface. (can handle incoming and outgoing mail)

  ·  An Enhanced Security Mechanism.

  ·  A cgi driver.

  16.2.  Implementation

  The main implementation of EARP is a CGI binary which runs under the
  http daemon to provide access to the database server. All of the
  design tools are built into the driver, no design takes place over
  anything but the web. The tools themselves require a graphical
  browser, the compatibility of objects designed with the tools is
  implementation independent, based on designing individuals
  preferences.

  16.3.  How does it work ?

  One of the main features of EARP is that it uses an Object Oriented
  approach to producing html pages which interface to the database. Most
  pages will consist of several objects. Each object is produced by some
  sort of tool and given a name, objects are then linked together in a
  callable sequence by the page tool. Objects are also reusable across
  multiple pages.  Basic tools exist for HTML, Querys, Grabbing input
  from forms, Extendable Formatting of Query and Input objects, and
  Linking together of objects into other objects. More advanced tools
  include the mail tool and the multithreaded query tool.

  Another feature of EARP is advanced security. Access to various areas
  of the EARP system can be limited in a variety of ways. To facilitate
  its advanced security, EARP performs checks for each connection to the
  system, determining what ids and groups the connecting agent belongs
  to. Access to areas is defined seperately, and the combination decides
  if access to a specific area of Earp is allowed. Moreover, all that is
  required to implement the security features is an http server that
  supports basic (or better) user authentication.
  16.4.  Where to get EARP ?

  EARP is available via anonymous ftp from

  ·  <ftp://ftp.oswego.edu> in the directory 'pub/unix/earp'.

  17.  PHP Hypertext Preprocessor - Server-side html-embedded scripting
  language for PostgreSQL

  WWW Interface Tool is at -

  ·  <http://www.php.net>

  ·  <http://www.vex.net/php>

     PHP also has a compiler called Zend which will vastly improve the
     performance.  First you will write your application in PHP
     scripting language during development, testing and debugging. Once
     the project is ready for deployment you will use the Zend compiler
     to compile the PHP to create executable which will run very fast.

  Old name is Professional Home Pages (PHP) and new name is PHP
  Hypertext Pre-Processor

  ·  Mirror sites are in many countries like www.COUNTRYCODE.php.net

  ·  <http://www.fe.de.php.net>

  ·  <http://www.sk.php.net>

  ·  <http://php.iquest.net/>

  ·  Questions e-mail to : rasmus@lerdorf.on.ca

  PHP is a server-side html-embedded scripting language. It lets you
  write simple scripts right in your .HTML files much like JavaScript
  does, except, unlike JavaScript PHP is not browser-dependant.
  JavaScript is a client-side html-embedded language while PHP is a
  server-side language.  PHP is similar in concept to Netscape's
  LiveWire Pro product.  If you like free fast-moving software that
  comes with full source code you will probably like PHP.


  ·  The PostgreSQL support code was written by Adam Sussman
     asussman@vidya.com

  17.1.  Major Features


  ·  Standard CGI, FastCGI and Apache module support - As a standard CGI
     program, PHP can be installed on any Unix machine running any Unix
     web server. With support for the new FastCGI standard, PHP can take
     advantage of the speed improvements gained through this mechanism.
     As an Apache module, PHP becomes an extremely powerful and
     lightning fast alternative to CGI programmimg.

  ·  Access Logging - With the access logging capabilities of PHP, users
     can maintain their own hit counting and logging. It does not use
     the system's central access log files in any way, and it provides
     real-time access monitoring. The Log Viewer Script provides a quick
     summary of the accesses to a set of pages owned by an individual
     user. In addition to that, the package can be configured to
     generate a footer on every page which shows access information. See
     the bottom of this page for an example of this.


  ·  Access Control - A built-in web-based configuration screen handles
     access control configuration. It is possible to create rules for
     all or some web pages owned by a certain person which place various
     restrictions on who can view these pages and how they will be
     viewed. Pages can be password protected, completely restricted,
     logging disabled and more based on the client's domain, browser, e-
     mail address or even the referring document.

  ·  PostgresSQL Support - Postgres is an advanced free RDBMS. PHP
     supports embedding PostgreSQL "SQL queries" directly in .html
     files.

  ·  RFC-1867 File Upload Support - File Upload is a new feature in
     Netscape 2.0. It lets users upload files to a web server. PHP
     provides the actual Mime decoding to make this work and also
     provides the additional framework to do something useful with the
     uploaded file once it has been received.

  ·  HTTP-based authentication control - PHP can be used to create
     customized HTTP-based authentication mechanisms for the Apache web
     server.

  ·  Variables, Arrays, Associative Arrays - PHP supports typed
     variables, arrays and even Perl-like associative arrays. These can
     all be passed from one web page to another using either GET or POST
     method forms.

  ·  Conditionals, While Loops - PHP supports a full-featured C-like
     scripting language.  You can have if/then/elseif/else/endif
     conditions as well as while loops and switch/case statements to
     guide the logical flow of how the html page should be displayed.

  ·  Extended Regular Expressions - Regular expressions are heavily used
     for pattern matching, pattern substitutions and general string
     manipulation. PHP supports all common regular expression
     operations.

  ·  Raw HTTP Header Control - The ability to have web pages send
     customized raw HTTP headers based on some condition is essential
     for high-level web site design. A frequent use is to send a
     Location: URL header to redirect the calling client to some other
     URL. It can also be used to turn off cacheing or manipulate the
     last update header of pages.

  ·  On-the-fly GIF image creation - PHP has support for Thomas
     Boutell's GD image library which makes it possible to generate GIF
     images on the fly.

  ·  ISP "Safe Mode" support - PHP supports a unique "Safe Mode" which
     makes it safe to have multiple users run PHP scripts on the same
     server.

  ·  Many more new features are being added in newer releases of PHP.
     Visit the main web site at  <http://www.php.net>

  ·  It's Free! - One final essential feature. The package is completely
     free.  It is licensed under the GNU/GPL which allows you to use the
     software for any purpose, commercial or otherwise.

  17.2.  PHP - Brief History

  PHP began life as a simple little cgi wrapper written in Perl.  The
  name of this first package was Personal Home Page Tools, which later
  became Personal Home Page Construction Kit.


  A tool was written to easily embed SQL queries into web pages. It was
  basically another CGI wrapper that parsed SQL queries and made it easy
  to create forms and tables based on these queries. This tool was named
  FI (Form Interpreter).

  PHP/FI version 2.0 is a complete rewrite of these two packages
  combined into a single program.  It evolved to a simple programming
  language embedded inside HTML files.  PHP eliminates the need for
  numerous small Perl cgi programs by allowing you to place simple
  scripts directly in your HTML files. This speeds up the overall
  performance of your web pages since the overhead of forking Perl
  several times has been eliminated.  It also makes it easier to manage
  large web sites by placing all components of a web page in a single
  html file.  By including support for various databases, it also makes
  it trivial to develop database enabled web pages. Many people find the
  embedded nature much easier to deal with than trying to create
  separate HTML and CGI files.

  Now PHP/FI is renamed as PHP.

  17.3.  So, what can I do with PHP ?

  The first thing you will notice if you run a page through PHP is that
  it adds a footer with information about the number of times your page
  has been accessed (if you have compiled access logging into the
  binary). This is just a very small part of what PHP can do for you. It
  serves another very important role as a form interpreter cgi, hence
  the FI part of the old name. For example, if you create a form on one
  of your web pages, you need something to process the information on
  that form. Even if you just want to pass the information to another
  web page, you will have to have a cgi program do this for you. PHP
  makes it extremely easy to take form data and do things with it.

  17.4.  A simple example

  Suppose you have a form:


       <FORM ACTION="/cgi-bin/php.cgi/~userid/display.html" METHOD=POST>
       <INPUT TYPE="text" name="name">
       <INPUT TYPE="text" name="age">
       <INPUT TYPE="submit">
       <FORM>



  Your display.html file could then contain something like:


       < ?echo "Hi $ name, you are $ age years old!<p>" >



  It's that simple! PHP automatically creates a variable for each form
  input field in your form. You can then use these variables in the
  ACTION URL file.

  The next step once you have figured out how to use variables is to
  start playing with some logical flow tags in your pages. For example,
  if you wanted to display different messages based on something the
  user inputs, you would use if/else logic. In our above example, we can
  display different things based on the age the user entered by changing
  our display.html to:

  <?
      if($age>50);
          echo "Hi $name, you are ancient!<p>";
      elseif($age>30);
          echo "Hi $name, you are very old!<p>";
      else;
          echo "Hi $name.";
      endif;
  >



  PHP provides a very powerful scripting language which will do much
  more than what the above simple example demonstrates. See the section
  on the PHP Script Language for more information.

  You can also use PHP to configure who is allowed to access your pages.
  This is done using a built-in configuration screen. With this you
  could for example specify that only people from certain domains would
  be allowed to see your pages, or you could create a rule which would
  password protect certain pages. See the Access Control section for
  more details.

  PHP is also capable of receiving file uploads from any RFC-1867
  compliant web browser. This feature lets people upload both text and
  binary files. With PHP's access control and logical functions, you
  have full control over who is allowed to upload and what is to be done
  with the file once it has been uploaded. See the File Upload section
  for more details.

  PHP has support for the PostgreSQL database package. It supports
  embedded SQL queries in your .HTML files.

  PHP also has support for the mysql database package. It supports
  embedded SQL queries in your .HTML files.

  17.5.  CGI Redirection


  17.5.1.  Apache 1.0.x Notes

  A good way to run PHP is by using a cgi redirection module with the
  Apache server. Please note that you do not need to worry about
  redirection modules if you are using the Apache module version of PHP.
  There are two of these redirection modules available. One is developed
  by Dave Andersen

  ·  angio@aros.net

     and it is available at

  ·  <ftp://ftp.aros.net/pub/util/apache/mod_cgi_redirect.c>

     and the other comes bundled with Apache and is called
     mod_actions.c. The modules are extremely similar. They differ
     slightly in their usage. Both have been tested and both work with
     PHP.

  Check the Apache documentation on how to add a module. Generally you
  add the module name to a file called Configuration. The line to be
  added if you want to use the mod_actions module is:

  Module action_module mod_actions.o


  If you are using the mod_cgi_redirect.c module add this line:

  Module cgi_redirect_module mod_cgi_redirect.o

  Then compile your httpd and install it. To configure the cgi
  redirection you need to either create a new mime type in your
  mime.types file or you can use the AddType command in your srm.conf
  file to add the mime type. The mime type to be added should be
  something like this:


            application/x-httpd-php phtml



  If you are using the mod_actions.c module you need to add the follow­
  ing line to your srm.conf file:


            Action application/x-httpd-php /cgi-bin/php.cgi



  If you are using mod_cgi_redirect.c you should add this line to
  srm.conf:


            CgiRedirect application/x-httpd-php /cgi-bin/php.cgi



  Don't try to use both mod_actions.c and mod_cgi_redirect.c at the same
  time.

  Once you have one of these cgi redirection modules installed and
  configured correctly, you will be able to specify that you want a file
  parsed by PHP simply by making the file's extension .phtml.
  Furthermore, if you add index.phtml to your DirectoryIndex
  configuration line in your srm.conf file then the top-level page in a
  directory will be automatically parsed by php if your index file is
  called index.phtml.

  17.5.2.  Netscape HTTPD

  You can automatically redirect requests for files with a given
  extension to be handled by PHP by using the Netscape Server CGI
  Redirection module. This module is available in the File Archives on
  the PHP Home Page. The README in the package explicitly explains how
  to configure it for use with PHP.

  17.5.3.  NCSA HTTPD

  NCSA does not currently support modules, so in order to do cgi
  redirection with this server you need to modify your server source
  code. A patch to do this with NCSA 1.5 is available in the PHP file
  archives.

  17.6.  Running PHP from the command line

  If you build the CGI version of PHP, you can use it from the command
  line simply typing: php.cgi filename where filename is the file you
  want to parse. You can also create standalone PHP scripts by making
  the first line of your script look something like:
           #!/usr/local/bin/php.cgi -q



  The "-q" suppresses the printing of the HTTP headers. You can leave
  off this option if you like.

  18.  Python Interface for PostgreSQL

  Python in an interpreted, object orientated scripting language.  It is
  simple to use (light syntax, simple and straighforward statements),
  and has many extensions for building GUIs, interfacing with WWW, etc.
  An intelligent web browser (HotJava like) is currently under
  development (november 1995), and this should open programmers many
  doors. Python is copyrighted by Stichting S Mathematisch Centrum,
  Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and is freely distributable.  It contains
  support for dynamic loading of objects, classes, modules, and
  exceptions.  Adding interfaces to new system libraries through C code
  is straightforward, making Python easy to use in custom settings.
  Python is a very high level scripting language with X interface.
  Python package is distributed on Linux cdroms includes most of the
  standard Python modules, along with modules for interfacing to the Tix
  widget set for Tk.

  PyGreSQL is a python module that interfaces to a PostgreSQL database.
  It embeds the PostgreSQL query library to allow easy use of the
  powerful PostgreSQL features from a Python script.  PyGreSQL is
  written by D'Arcy J.M. Cain and Pascal Andre.

  ·  New site of PyGreSQL  <http://www.druid.net/pygresql/>

  ·  Maintained by D'Arcy at  <http://www.druid.net/~darcy/>

  ·  Old site is at
     <ftp://ftp.via.ecp.fr/pub/python/contrib/Database/PyGres95.README >

  ·  D'Arcy J.M. Cain darcy@druid.net

  ·  Pascal Andre andre@chimay.via.ecp.fr

  ·  Pascal Andre andre@via.ecp.fr


  18.1.  Where to get PyGres ?

  The home sites of the differents packages are:

  ·  Python
     <ftp://ftp.python.org:/pub/www.python.org/1.5/python1.5b2.tar.gz>

  ·  PyGreSQL  <ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/distrib/PyGreSQL-2.1.tgz>

  ·  Old site
     <ftp://ftp.via.ecp.fr/pub/python/contrib/Database/PyGres95-1.0b.tar.gz
     >

     You should anyway try to find some mirror site closer of your site.
     Refer to the information sources to find these sites. PyGreSQL
     should reside in the contrib directories of Python and PostgreSQL
     sites.

  18.2.  Information and support

  If you need information about these packages please check their web
  sites:
  ·  Python :      <http://www.python.org/>

  ·  PostgreSQL :
     <http://epoch.cs.berkeley.edu:8000/postgres95/index.html>

  ·  PyGreSQL  <ftp://ftp.druid.net/pub/distrib/PyGreSQL-2.1.tgz>

  ·  Old site PyGreSQL :
     <http://www.via.ecp.fr/via/products/pygres.html>

  For support :

  ·  Mailing list for PyGreSQL. You can join by sending email to
     majordomo@vex.net with the line "subscribe pygresql name@domain" in
     the body replacing "name@domain" with your own email address.

  ·  Newsgroup for Python :     newsgroup comp.lang.python

  ·  PyGreSQL :   contact Andre at andre@via.ecp.fr for bug reports,
     ideas, remarks

  18.3.  Testing Python interface

  See the section - ``Testing Python PostgreSQL interface''

  19.  Gateway between PostgreSQL and the WWW - WDB-P95


  19.1.  About wdb-p95

  WDB-P95 - A Web interface to PostgreSQL Databases was created by J.
  Douglas Dunlop It is at

  ·  New WDB from J Rowe is at
     <http://www.lava.net/beowulf/programming/wdb>

  ·  New versions of WWW-WDB is at  <http://www.eol.ists.ca/~dunlop/wdb-
     p95/>

  ·  For questions or to join Mailing lists contact dunlop@eol.ists.ca

     This is a modified version of wdb-1.3a2 which provides a gateway to
     a the WWW for PostgreSQL. This version also requires a Browser that
     is capable of handling HTML Tables for the tabular output. This is
     not required by the original wdb and can be fairly easily reverted.

  You can try out CASI Tape and Image Query. You can have a peek at the
  Form Definition File (FDF) which is used to create the CASI Tape and
  Image Query too, which includes a JOIN of 2 tables.

  This release contains all files necessary to install and run WDB-P95
  as an interface to your PostgreSQL databases. To port this system to
  other database should be relatively easy - provided that it supports
  standard SQL and has a Perl interface.

  19.2.  Does the PostgreSQL server, pgperl, and httpd have to be on the
  same host?

  No - the PostgreSQL server does not have to be on the same host. As
  WDB-P95 is called by the http daemon, they have to be on the same
  host. - And as WDB-P95 was written to use Pg.pm - pgperl has to be on
  the same host too.  Pgperl was written using the libpq library, so it
  will be able to access any PostgreSQL server anywhere in the net, just
  like any other PostgreSQL client. As illustrated below


  (WWW Client (Netscape)) => (HTTP Server (NCSA's http) + WDB-P95 +
  pgperl + libpq)=> (PostgreSQL server)

  Curly brackets () represent machines.

  Each machine can be of a different type : NT, SUN, HP, ... but you
  need the libpq interface library for the machine type where you plan
  to use WDB-P95, as you need it to compile pgperl. (The system was
  designed to use HTML tables so a recent WWW client is best)

  20.  "C", "C++", ESQL/C language Interfaces and Bitwise Operators for
  PostgreSQL


  20.1.  "C" interface

  It is included in distribution and is called 'libpq'. Similar to
  Oracle OCI, Sybase DB-lib, Informix CLI libraries.


  20.2.  "C++" interface

  It is included in distribution and is called 'libpq++'.  See the
  section - ``Testing C and C++ PostgreSQL interface''

  20.3.  ESQL/C

  ESQL/C 'Embedded C Pre-compiler' for PostgreSQL ESQL/C is like Oracle
  Pro*C, Informix ESQL/C.  The PostgreSQL ESQL/C is an SQL application-
  programming interface (API) enables the C programmer to create custom
  applications with database-management capabilities. The PostgreSQL
  ESQL/C allows you to use a third-generation language with which you
  are familiar and still take advantage of the Structured Query Language
  (SQL).

  ESQL/C consists of the following pieces of software:

  ·  The ESQL/C libraries of C functions provide access to the database
     server.

  ·  The ESQL/C header files provide definitions for the data
     structures, constants, and macros useful to the ESQL/C program.

  ·  The ESQL/C preprocessor, is a source-code preprocessor that
     converts a C file containing SQL statements into an executable
     file.

     It is at

  ·  ESQL/C for PostgreSQL is already included in the distribution.

  ·  Main site  <ftp://ftp.lysator.liu.se/pub/linus>

  ·  Email : linus@epact.se

     See the section - ``Testing Embedded SQL/C interface to
     PostgreSQL''

  20.4.  BitWise Operators for PostgreSQL

  Bitwise operators was written by Nicolas Moldavsky

  ·  nico@overnet.com.ar

     "C" functions that implement bitwise operators (AND, OR, XOR, bit
     complement) on pgsql. Get them by anonymous FTP from
  ·  <ftp://ftp.overnet.com.ar/pub/utils/linux/bitpgsql.tgz>

     Makefile for Linux is included.

  21.  Japanese Kanji Code for PostgreSQL

  It is at the following site

  ·  <ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/cmd/postgres/>

  22.  PostgreSQL Port to Windows 95/Windows NT

  PostgreSQL binaries for Windows NT is available from :

  ·  Windows NT PostgreSQL binaries  <http://www.askesis.nl>

  ·  <http://www.postgresql.org>

     Download the binaries and unpack and follow instructions in
     ``Install PostgreSQL'' from step 13.

  If you want to re-compile the source tree then follow the instructions
  given below.  Porting to NT is done using Cygnus cygwin32 package
  which has gcc, gmake for Win NT/95.

  ·  Cygwin 32 package is at  <http://www.cygnus.com/misc/gnu-win32>

     At this site and get the file cdk.exe (self-extractor file for gnu-
     win32)

  22.1.  Authors of NT port

  The authors of Windows NT port of PostgreSQL are -

  ·  Daniel Horak horak@mmp.plzen-city.cz

  ·  Joost Kraaijeveld JKraaijeveld@askesis.nl

  ·  Kevin Lo kevlo@FreeBSD.org

  ·  Home page of NT port is at
     <http://www.freebsd.org/~kevlo/postgres/portNT.html>

  22.2.  Install the Cygwin package


  1. Download
     <ftp://go.cygnus.com/pub/sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/latest/full.exe>

  2. Run full.exe and install in c:\Unix\Root directory.

  3. Run Cygwin, Type 'mount --help' for docs. You can use -f switch to
     force mount.  And then run "umount / " and "mount c:\Unix\Root /"

  22.3.  Tuneup Bash Window

  After installing the Cygwin package, do the following to setup the
  working environment:

  1. Install the Vi editor 'Vim'. See
  <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Vim-HOWTO.html>

  2. The default window of cygwin bash is black-background window with
  24 lines. To set the background color and size of bash window, click
  on NT-Start->Control-panel->MS DOS console and change the background
  color to grey and size to 70 lines.
  (OR) right click on Window titlebar and change property.

  3. Edit cygnus.bat in c:\cygnus\cywinb20 and set the following -

  ______________________________________________________________________
  set HOME=c:\cygnus\cygwinb20
  bash --login
  ______________________________________________________________________



  And also edit the  /.bash_profile and put these lines

  ______________________________________________________________________
  set -o vi
  PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin
  export PATH
  ______________________________________________________________________



  4. To enable the command-line history editing give -

  bash$ set -o vi

  Using the l,k,j,h you can use the vi commands to edit the command line
  history commands. You can repeat or modify previous commands, saves
  typing time.

  5. You can do mount of drives/directories using this command -

  ______________________________________________________________________
  bash$ umount /
  bash$ mount "c:\cygnus"  /
  bash$ mount "c:\cygnus\cygwin-b20\postgres" /usr/local/pgsql
  ______________________________________________________________________



  6. See online help with -

  ______________________________________________________________________
  bash$ mount --help
  bash$ ls --help
  ______________________________________________________________________



  22.4.  Install the Andy Piper tools


  1. Go to  <ftp://ftp.xemacs.org/pub/xemacs/aux/> and download cygwin-
     b20-local.tar.bz2 in the c:/Unix/Root directory.

  2. cd c:/Unix/Root; bunzip2 cygwin-b20-local.tar.bz2

  3. tar -xvf cygwin-b20-local.tar

  4. cd /local/bin; sh check_cygwin_setup.sh

  5. After doing step 4, you see the following message:



     ___________________________________________________________________
     You don't have /bin would you like to mount cygwin as /bin?"
     [ y/n ]
     Select 'n',  and the other options are selected 'y'
     ___________________________________________________________________



  6. mount c:/Unix/Root/cygwin-b20/H-i586-cygwin32/i586-cygwin32/bin
     /bin

  7. cd c:/Unix/Root/cygwin-b20/H-i586-cygwin32/i586-cygwin32; mkdir
     libexec share man etc sbin info

  8. cp -R /local/{ bin,libexec,share,man,etc,sbin,info,include }

  22.5.  Install Ludovic Lange's Cygwin32 IPC package


  1. Go to  <http://www.multione.capgemini.fr/tools/pack_ipc> and
     download cygwin32_ipc-1.03.tgz in c:/Unix/Root directory.

  2. tar -zxvf cygwin32_ipc-1.03.tgz

  3. cd cygwin32_ipc-1.03/src and run 'make'

  4. mkdir -p c:/usr/local/{bin,include,lib,include/sys}

     ___________________________________________________________________
     cp /cygwin32_ipc-1.03/bin/* c:/usr/local/bin
     cp /cygwin32_ipc-1.03/include/sys/* c:/usr/local/include/sys
     cp /cygwin32_ipc-1.03/lib/* c:/usr/local/lib
     cp c:/usr/local/bin/* /bin
     cp c:/Unix/Root/cygwin-b20/H-i586-cygwin32/bin/* /bin
     ___________________________________________________________________



  5. mount c:/usr/local/bin /usr/local/bin

     ___________________________________________________________________
     mount c:/usr/local/include /usr/local/include
     mount c:/usr/local/lib /usr/local/lib
     cp /local/lib/* /usr/local/lib
     ___________________________________________________________________



  22.6.  Install PostgreSQL


  1. Download the latest PostgreSQL source code

  2. Postgres treats all files as binary files so the lf/cf stuff
     appeard, so we do steps 2, 3, 4, and 5:

     ___________________________________________________________________
     mkdir -p c:/Postgres/{Source,Binary}
     mkdir c:/Postgres/Binary/pgsql
     mkdir -p /usr/src/pgsql
     mkdir -p /usr/local/pgsql
     ___________________________________________________________________



  3. Copy Postgres source code to c:/Postgres/Source directory, then tar
     -zxvf postgresql-6.5.3.tar.gz

  4. mv postgresql-6.5.3 pgsql

  5. Mount directories now -

     ___________________________________________________________________
     mount -b c:/Postgres/Binary/pgsql /usr/local/pgsql
     mount c:/Postgres/Source/pgsql /usr/src/pgsql
     mount c:/Unix/Root/cygwin-b20/share /sw/cygwin-b20/share
     ___________________________________________________________________



  6. mkdir -p /usr/local/pgsql/{bin,include,lib,data}

  7. cd /usr/src/pgsql/src/win32

  8. Copy header files -

     ___________________________________________________________________
     cp un.h c:/Unix/Root/cygwin-b20/H-i586-cygwin32/i586-cygwin32/include/sys
     cp endian.h c:/Unix/Root/cygwin-b20/H-i586-cygwin32/i586-cygwin32/include
     cp tcp.h c:/Unix/Root/cygwin-b20/H-i586-cygwin32/i586-cygwin32/include/netinet
     ___________________________________________________________________



  9. ln -s /usr/local/lib /usr/src/pgsql/src/backend/libpostgres.a

  10.
     cd /usr/src/pgsql/src, then run './configure'

  11.
     make > make.txt 2>&1

  12.
     make install  > make.install.txt 2>&1

  13.
     cp /usr/local/pgsql/lib/pq.dll /usr/local/pgsql/bin

  14.
     After the make install you had to change all the text files in the
     bin and lib diectories so that they did not contain cr/lf and eof
     stuff.

  15.
     Using any editor to create .bashrc in / directory as belows:

     ___________________________________________________________________
     PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/pgsql/bin:/usr/local/bin
     PGDATA=/usr/local/pgsql/data
     PGLIB=/usr/local/pgsql/lib
     LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/lib:/usr/local/lib
     export LD_LIBRARY_PATH PATH PGDATA PGLIB
     ___________________________________________________________________



  16.
     source /.bashrc, then run 'initdb --username=xxxx' Note that the
     owner of the DB system have to be different from root/administrator


  17.
     Edit the file /usr/local/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf, such as:

     ___________________________________________________________________
     host        all     163.17.11.109   255.255.255.0   trust
     ___________________________________________________________________



  18.
     ipc-daemon.exe&

  19.
     postmaster -i&

  20.
     Run ' psql -h host_name template1'

  23.  Mailing Lists


  23.1.  E-mail account for PostgreSQL

  Get free e-mail accounts from

  ·  In Yahoo  <http://www.yahoo.com> click on e-mail

  ·  In Lycos  <http://www.lycos.com> click on new e-mail accounts

  ·  In hotmail  <http://www.hotmail.com> click on new e-mail accounts

     Subscribe to PostgreSQL mailing list and Yahoo has additional
     feature of creating a seperate folder for PostgreSQL e-mails, so
     that your regular e-mail is not cluttered. Select menu Email- >
     Options- > Filters and pick seperate folder for email.  With this
     e-mail account you can access mail from anywhere in the world as
     long as you have access to a web page.

  If you have any other e-mail, you can use "Mail Filters" to receive
  automatically the PostgreSQL mails into a seperate folder. This will
  avoid mail cluttering.

  23.2.  English Mailing List

  See the Mailing Lists Item on the main web page at :

  ·  <http://www.postgresql.org/>

  ·  Email questions to: pgsql-questions@postgresql.org

  ·  Developers pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org

  ·  Port specific questions pgsql-ports@postgresql.org

  ·  Documentation questions pgsql-docs@postgresql.org

     You will get the answers/replies back by e-mail in less than a day.

  You can also subscribe to mailing lists.  To subscribe or unsubscribe
  from the list, send mail to

  ·  pgsql-questions-request@postgresql.org

  ·  pgsql-hackers-request@postgresql.org


  ·  pgsql-ports-request@postgresql.org

  ·  pgsql-docs-request@postgresql.org

     The body of the message should contain the single line

  subscribe

  (or)

  unsubscribe

  23.3.  Archive of Mailing List

  Also mailing lists are archived in html format at the following
  location -

  ·  Date-wise listing available via MHonarc via the WWW at
     <http://www.postgresql.org/mhonarc/pgsql-questions>

  ·  <ftp://ftp.postgresql.org> directory is /pub/majordomo

     There is also search engine available on the PostgreSQL main web
     site specifically for pgsql questions.

  23.4.  Spanish Mailing List

  Now there is an "unofficial" list of postgreSQL in Spanish.  To
  subscribe the user has to send a message to:

  ·  majordomo@tlali.iztacala.unam.mx

     The body of the message should contain the single line:

  inscripcion pgsql-ayuda

  24.  Documentation and Reference Books


  24.1.  User Guides and Manuals

  The following are included in the PostgreSQL distribution in the
  postscript, HTML formats and unix man-pages. They are located in
  /usr/doc/postgresql* directory.  If you have access to internet, you
  can find the documents listed below at
  <http://www.postgresql.org/docs>


  ·  "Installation Guide"

  ·  "User Guide" for PostgreSQL

  ·  "Implementation Guide" detailing database internals of PostgreSQL.

  ·  Online manuals.

  ·  Online manuals in HTML formats.

  ·  Also manuals in Postscript format for printing hard copies.

  24.2.  Online Documentation


  ·  Listing and description of default data types and operators


  Is a a part of PSQL command



  ·  Listing of supported SQL keywords


       There is a script in the /tools directory in source code tree.



  ·  Listings of supported statements -


       Use the command psql \h



  ·  Basic relational database concepts under PostgreSQL
     (implementation) and several online examples (queries) -


       Look at the regression tests at src/test. There you can find the directories
       regress/sql and suite/*.sql and also see
       <ref id="Examples RPM">



  ·  Tutorial for PostgreSQL.


       SQL tutorial scripts is in the directory src/tutorial



  See also "SQL Tutorial for beginners" in Appendix B of this document
  ``''

  24.3.  Useful Reference Textbooks


  ·  "Understanding the New SQL: A Complete Guide" - by Jim Melton and
     Alan R.Simon


       Morgan Kaufman Publisher is one of best SQL books. This deals with SQL92.



  ·  "A Guide to THE SQL STANDARD" - by C.J.Date


       Addison-Wesley Publishing company is also a good book. Very popular book for SQL.



  ·  SQL - The Standard Handbook,  November 1992


  Stephen Cannan and Gerard Otten
  McGraw-Hill Book Company Europe , Berkshire, SL6 2QL, England



  ·  SQL Instant Reference, 1993


       Martin Gruber, Technical Editor: Joe Celko
       SYBEX Inc.  2021 Challenger Drive Alameda, CA 94501



  ·  C.J.Date, "An introduction to Database Systems" (6th Edition),
     Addison-Wesley, 1995, ISBN 0-201-82458-2


       This book is the Bible of Database Management Systems.
       The book details normalization, SQL, recovery, concurrency, security,
       integrity, and extensions to the original relational model, current issues
       like client/server systems and the Object Oriented model(s). Many
       references are included for further reading. Recommended for most users.



  ·  Stefan Stanczyk, "Theory and Practice of Relational Databases", UCL
     Press Ltd, 1990, ISBN 1-857-28232-9


       Book details theory of relational databases, relational algebra, calculus
       and normalisation. But it does not cover real world issues and examples
       beyond simple examples. Recommended for most users.



  ·  "The Practical SQL Handbook" Third Edition, Addison Wesley
     Developers Press ISBN 0-201-44787-8


       Recommended for most users.



  ·  Michael Stonebraker, "Readings in Database Systems", Morgan
     Kaufmann, 1988, ISBN 0-934613-65-6


       This book is a collection of papers that have been published over the
       years on databases. It's not for the casual user but it is really a
       reference for advanced (post-graduate) students or database system
       developers.



  ·  C.J.Date, "Relational Database - Selected Readings", Addison-
     Wesley, 1986, ISBN 0-201-14196-5



  This book is a collection of papers that have been published over the
  years on databases. It's not for the casual user but it is really a
  reference for advanced (post-graduate) students or database system
  developers.



  ·  Nick Ryan and Dan Smith, "Database Systems Engineering",
     International Thomson Computer Press, 1995, ISBN 1-85032-115-9


       This book goes into the details of access methods, storage techniques.



  ·  Bipin C. Desai, "An introduction to Database Systems", West
     Publishing Co., 1990, ISBN 0-314-66771-7


       It's not for the casual user but it is for advanced (post-graduate)
       students or database system developers.



  ·  Joe Celko "INSTANT SQL Programming"


       Wrox Press Ltd.
       Unit 16, 20 James Road, Tyseley
       Birmingham, B11 2BA, England
       1995



  ·  Michael Gorman "Database Management Systems: Understanding and
     Applying Database"


       Technology
       QED and John Wiley
       1991



  ·  Michael Gorman "Enterprise Database for a Client/Server
     Environment" QED and John Wiley


       Presents the requirements of building client/server database
       applications via repository metamodels and the use of ANSI standard SQL
       1993



  Hundreds of other titles on SQL are available! Check out a bookstore.

  24.4.  ANSI/ISO SQL Specifications documents  - SQL 1992, SQL 1998

  ANSI/ISO SQL specifications documents can be found at these sites
  listed below -
  ·  <http://www.naiua.org/std-orgs.html>

  ·  <http://www.ansi.org/docs> and click on file cat_c.html and search
     with "Database SQL"

  ·  SQL92 standard  <http://www.jcc.com> and click on file
     sql_stnd.html

  ·  ANSI/ISO SQL specifications
     <http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~shadow/sql.html> You will find
     SQL Reference here.

  24.5.  Syntax of ANSI/ISO SQL 1992

  See Appendix A of this document ``''

  24.6.  Syntax of ANSI/ISO SQL 1998

  The SQL 1998 (SQL 3) specification is still under development.  See
  'Electronic Access to the SQL3 Working Draft' of this document at ``''

  24.7.  SQL Tutorial for beginners

  See Appendix B of this document ``''

  24.8.  Temporal Extension to SQL92


  ·  Document for Temporal Extension to SQL-92
     <ftp://FTP.cs.arizona.edu/tsql/tsql2/>

  ·  Temporal SQL-3 specification
     <ftp://FTP.cs.arizona.edu/tsql/tsql2/sql3/>

  This directory contains the language specification for a temporal
  extension to the SQL-92 language standard. This new language is
  designated TSQL2.

  The language specification present here is the final version of the
  language.

  Correspondence may be directed to the chair of the TSQL2 Language
  Design Committee, Richard T.Snodgrass, Department of Computer Science,
  University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721,

  ·  rts@cs.arizona.edu

     The affiliations and e-mail addresses of the TSQL2 Language Design
     Committee members may be found in a separate section at the end of
     the language specification.

  The contents of this directory are as follows.

  spec.dvi,.ps    TSQL2 Language Specification, published in September,
  1994

  bookspec.ps     TSQL2 Language Specification, as it appears in the
  TSQL2 book, published in September, 1995 (see below).

  sql3            change proposals submitted to the ANSI and ISO SQL3
  committees.

  Associated with the language specification is a collection of
  commentaries which discuss design decisions, provide examples, and
  consider how the language may be implemented. These commentaries were
  originally proposals to the TSQL2 Language Design Committee. They now
  serve a different purpose: to provide examples of the constructs,
  motivate the many decisions made during the language design, and
  compare TSQL2 with the many other language proposals that have been
  made over the last fifteen years. It should be emphasized that these
  commentaries are not part of the TSQL2 language specification per se,
  but rather supplement and elaborate upon it. The language
  specification proper is the final word on TSQL2.

  The commentaries, along with the language specification, several
  indexes, and other supporting material, has been published as a book:

  Snodgrass, R.T., editor, The TSQL2 Temporal Query Language, Kluwer
  Academic Publishers, 1995, 674+xxiv pages.

  The evaluation commentary appears in the book in an abbreviated form;
  the full commentary is provided in this directory as file eval.ps

  The file tl2tsql2.pl is a prolog program that tranlates allowed
  temporal logic to TSQL2. This program was written by Michael Boehlen

  ·  boehlen@iesd.auc.dk

     He may be contacted for a paper that describes this translation.
     This is a rather dated version of that program. Newer versions are
     available at

  ·  <http://www.cs.auc.dk/general/DBS/tdb/TimeCenter/Software>

     (the TimeDB and Tiger systems).

  24.9.  Part 0 - Acquiring ISO/ANSI SQL Documents

  This document shows you how to (legally) acquire a copy of the SQL-92
  standard and how to acquire a copy of the "current" SQL3 Working
  Draft.

  The standard is copyrighted ANSI standard by ANSI, the ISO standard by
  ISO.

  There are two (2) current SQL standards, an ANSI publication and an
  ISO publication. The two standards are word-for-word identical except
  for such trivial matters as the title of the document, page headers,
  the phrase "International Standard" vs "American Standard", and so
  forth.

  Buying the SQL-92 Standard

  The ISO standard, ISO/IEC 9075:1992, Information Technology - Database
  Languages - SQL, is currently (March, 1993) available and in stock
  from ANSI at:


            American National Standards Institute
            1430 Broadway
            New York, NY 10018 (USA)
            Phone (sales): +1.212.642.4900



  at a cost of US$230.00. The ANSI version, ANSI X3.135-1992, American
  National Standard for Information Systems - Database Language SQL, was
  not available from stock at this writing, but was expected to be
  available by some time between late March and early May, 1993). It is
  expected to be be priced at US$225.00.

  If you purchase either document from ANSI, it will have a handling
  charge of 7% added to it (that is, about US$9.10). Overseas shipping
  charges will undoubtedly add still more cost. ANSI requires a hardcopy
  of a company purchase order to accompany all orders; alternately, you
  can send a check drawn on a US bank in US dollars, which they will
  cash and clear before shipping your order. (An exception exists: If
  your organization is a corporate member of ANSI, then ANSI will ship
  the documents and simply bill your company.)

  The ISO standard is also available outside the United States from
  local national bodies (country standardization bodies) that are
  members of either ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
  or IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). Copies of the list
  of national bodies and their addresses are available from ANSI or from
  other national bodies. They are also available from ISO:


            International Organization for Standardization
            Central Secretariat
            1, rue de Varembi
            CH-1211 Genhve 20
            Switzerland



  If you prefer to order the standard in a more convenient and quick
  fashion, you'll have to pay for the privilege. You can order ISO/IEC
  9075:1992, Information Technology - Database Languages - SQL, from:


            Global Engineering Documents
            2805 McGaw Ave
            Irvine, CA 92714 (USA)
            USA
            Phone (works from anywhere): +1.714.261.1455
            Phone (only in the USA): (800)854-7179



  for a cost of US$308.00. I do not know if that includes shipping or
  not, but I would guess that international shipping (at least) would
  cost extra. They will be able to ship you a document fairly quickly
  and will even accept "major credit cards". Global does not yet have
  the ANSI version nor do they have a price or an expected date (though
  I would expect it within a few weeks following the publication by ANSI
  and at a price near US$300.00).

  Buying a copy of the SQL3 Working Draft

  You can purchase a hardcopy of the SQL3 working draft from the ANSI X3
  Secretariat, CBEMA (Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers
  Association). They intend to keep the "most recent" versions of the
  SQL3 working draft available and sell them for about US$60.00 to
  US$65.00.  You can contact CBEMA at:


            CBEMA, X3 Secretariat
            Attn: Lynn Barra
            1250 Eye St.
            Suite 200
            Washington, DC 20005 (USA)



  Lynn Barra can also be reached by telephone at +1.202.626.5738 to
  request a copy, though mail is probably more courteous.

  Electronic Access to the SQL3 Working Draft

  The most recent version (as of the date of this writing) of the SQL3
  (both ANSI and ISO) working draft (and all of its Parts) is available
  by "anonymous ftp" or by "ftpmail" on:


            gatekeeper.dec.com

         at

            /pub/standards/sql/



  In this directory are a number of files.  There are PostScript. files
  and "plain text" (not prettily formatted, but readable on a screen
  without special software).

  In general, you can find files with names like:


            sql-bindings-mar94.ps
            sql-bindings-mar94.txt
            sql-cli-mar94.ps
            sql-cli-mar94.txt
            sql-foundation-mar94.ps
            sql-foundation-mar94.txt
            sql-framework-mar94.ps
            sql-framework-mar94.txt
            sql-psm-mar94.ps
            sql-psm-mar94.txt



  As new versions of the documents are produced, the "mar94" will change
  to indicate the new date of publication (e.g., "aug94" is the expected
  date of the next publication after "mar94").

  In addition, for those readers unable to get a directory listing by
  FTP, we have placed a file with the name:


            ls



  into the same directory.  This file (surprise!) contains a directory
  listing of the directory.

  Retrieving Files Directly Using ftp

  This is a sample of how to use FTP. Specifically, it shows how to
  connect to gatekeeper.dec.com, get to the directory where the base
  document is kept, and transfer the document to your host. Note that
  your host must have Internet access to do this. The login is 'ftp' and
  the password is your email address (this is sometimes referred to as
  bits are stripped from the file(s) received. 'get' gets one file at a
  time. Comments in the script below are inside angle brackets < like so
  > .
         % ftp gatekeeper.dec.com
         Connected to gatekeeper.dec.com.
         220- *** /etc/motd.ftp ***
              Gatekeeper.DEC.COM is an unsupported service of DEC Corporate Research.
              <...this goes on for a while...>
         220 gatekeeper.dec.com FTP server (Version 5.83 Sat ... 1992) ready.
         Name (gatekeeper.dec.com:<yourlogin here>): ftp  <anonymous also works>
         331 Guest login ok, send ident as password.
         Password: <enter your email address here >
         230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
         Remote system type is UNIX.  <or whatever>
         Using binary mode to transfer files.
         ftp> cd pub/standards/sql
         250 CWD command successful.
         ftp> dir
         200 PORT command successful.
         150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls.
         total 9529
         -r--r--r--  1 root     system     357782 Feb 25 10:18 x3h2-93-081.ps
         -r--r--r--  1 root     system     158782 Feb 25 10:19 x3h2-93-081.txt
         -r--r--r--  1 root     system     195202 Feb 25 10:20 x3h2-93-082.ps
         -r--r--r--  1 root     system      90900 Feb 25 10:20 x3h2-93-082.txt
         -r--r--r--  1 root     system    5856284 Feb 25 09:55 x3h2-93-091.ps
         -r--r--r--  1 root     system    3043687 Feb 25 09:57 x3h2-93-091.txt
         226 Transfer complete.
         ftp> type binary
         200 Type set to I.
         ftp> get x3h2-93-082.txt
         200 PORT command successful.
         150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for x3h2-93-082.txt (90900 bytes).
         226 Transfer complete.
         90900 bytes received in 0.53 seconds (166.11 Kbytes/s)
         ftp> quit
         % <the file is now in your directory as x3h2-93-082.txt>



  Retrieving Files Without Direct ftp Support

  Digital Equipment Corporation, like several other companies, provides
  ftp email service. The response can take several days, but it does
  provide a service equivalent to ftp for those without direct Internet
  ftp access. The address of the server is:

  ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com

  The following script will retrieve the PostScript for the latest
  version of the SQL3 document:


            reply joe.programmer@imaginary-corp.com
            connect gatekeeper.dec.com anonymous
            binary
            compress



  The following script will retrieve the PostScript for the latest ver­
  sion of the SQL3 document:



       reply joe.programmer@imaginary-corp.com
       connect gatekeeper.dec.com anonymous
       binary
       compress
       uuencode
       chdir /pub/standards/sql
       get x3h2-93-091.ps
       quit



  The first line in the script commands the server to return the
  requested files to you; you should replace "joe.programmer@imaginary-
  corp.com" with your Internet address. The file in this example,
  x3h2-93-091.ps, is returned in "compress"ed "uuencode"d format as 34
  separate email messages. If your environment does not provide tools
  for reconstructing such files, then you could retrieve the file as
  plain text with the following script:


            reply joe.programmer@imaginary-corp.com
            connect gatekeeper.dec.com anonymous
            chdir /pub/standards/sql
            get x3h2-93-091.ps
            quit



  But be warned, the .ps file will probably be sent to you in more than
  70 parts!

  To retrieve any particular file, other than x3h2-93-091.ps, simply
  replace "x3h2-93-091.ps" with the name of the desired file. To get a
  directory listing of all files available, replace "get x3h2-93-091.ps"
  with "dir".

  24.10.  Part 1 - ISO/ANSI SQL Current Status

  This chapter is a source of information about the SQL standards
  process and its current state.

  Current Status:

  Development is currently underway to enhance SQL into a
  computationally complete language for the definition and management of
  persistent, complex objects. This includes: generalization and
  specialization hierarchies, multiple inheritance, user defined data
  types, triggers and assertions, support for knowledge based systems,
  recursive query expressions, and additional data administration tools.
  It also includes the specification of abstract data types (ADTs),
  object identifiers, methods, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation,
  and all of the other facilities normally associated with object data
  management.

  In the fall of 1996, several parts of SQL3 went through a ISO CD
  ballot.  Those parts were SQL/Framework, SQL/Foundation, and
  SQL/Bindings. Those ballots failed (as expected) with 900 or so
  comments. In Late January, there was an ISO DBL editing meeting that
  processed a large number of problem solutions that were either
  included with ballot comments or submitted as separate papers. Since
  the DBL editing meeting was unable to process all of the comments, the
  editing meeting has been extended. The completion of the editing
  meeting is scheduled for the end of July, 1997, in London.

  Following the July editing meeting, the expectation is that a Final CD
  ballot will be requested for these parts of SQL. The Final CD process
  will take about 6 months and a DBL editing meeting, after which there
  will be a DIS ballot and a fairly quick IS ballot.

  The ISO procedures have changed since SQL/92, so the SQL committees
  are still working through the exact details of the process.

  If everything goes well, these parts of SQL3 will become an official
  ISO/IEC standard in late 1998, but the schedule is very tight.

  In 1993, the ANSI and ISO development committees decided to split
  future SQL development into a multi-part standard. The Parts are:


  ·  Part 1: Framework A non-technical description of how the document
     is structured.

  ·  Part 2: Foundation The core specification, including all of the new
     ADT features.

  ·  Part 3: SQL/CLI The Call Level Interface.

  ·  Part 4: SQL/PSM The stored procedures specification, including
     computational completeness.

  ·  Part 5: SQL/Bindings The Dynamic SQL and Embedded SQL bindings
     taken from SQL-92.

  ·  Part 6: SQL/XA An SQL specialization of the popular XA Interface
     developed by X/Open

  ·  Part 7:SQL/TemporalAdds time related capabilities to the SQL
     standards.

  In the USA, the entirety of SQL3 is being processed as both an ANSI
  Domestic ("D") project and as an ISO project. The expected time frame
  for completion of SQL3 is currently 1999.

  The SQL/CLI and SQL/PSM are being processed as fast as possible as
  addendums to SQL-92. In the USA, these are being processed only as
  International ("I") projects. SQL/CLI was completed in 1995. SQL/PSM
  should be completed sometime in late 1996.

  In addition to the SQL3 work, a number of additional projects are
  being persued:


  ·  SQL/MM An ongoing effort to define standard multi-media packages
     using the SQL3 ADT capabilities.

  ·  Remote Data Access (RDA)

  Standards Committee and Process

  There are actually a number of SQL standards committees around the
  world.  There is an international SQL standards group as a part of
  ISO. A number of countries have committees that focus on SQL. These
  countries (usually) send representatives to ISO/IEC JTC1/SC 21/WG3 DBL
  meetings. The countries that actively participate in the ISO SQL
  standards process are:


  ·  Australia


  ·  Brazil

  ·  Canada

  ·  France

  ·  Germany

  ·  Japan

  ·  Korea

  ·  The Netherlands

  ·  United Kingdom

  ·  United States

  NIST Validation

  SQL implementations are validated (in the Unites States) by the
  National Institute of Standards and Training (NIST). NIST currently
  has a validation test suite for entry level SQL-92. The exact details
  of the NIST validation requirements are defined as a Federal
  Information Processing Standard (FIPS). The current requirements for
  SQL are defined in FIPS 127-2. The Postscript and Text versions of
  this document can be retrieved from NIST.  The current SQL Validated
  Products List can also be retrieved from NIST.

  Standard SQL Publications and Articles

  There are two versions of the SQL standard. Both are available from
  ANSI:


  ·  ISO/IEC 9075:1992, "Information Technology --- Database Languages
     --- SQL"

  ·  ANSI X3.135-1992, "Database Language SQL"

  The two versions of the SQL standard are identical except for the
  front matter and references to other standards. Both versions are
  available from:


            American National Standards Institute
            1430 Broadway
            New York, NY 10018
            USA
            Phone (sales): +1.212.642.4900



  In additon to the SQL-92 standard, there is now a Technical Corrigen­
  dum (bug fixes):


          * Technical Corrigendum 1:1994 to ISO/IEC 9075:1992



  TC 1 should also be available from ANSI. There is only an ISO version
  of TC 1 -- it applies both to the ISO and ANSI versions of SQL-92.

  In addition to the standards, several books have been written about
  the 1992 SQL standard. These books provide a much more readable
  description of the standard than the actual standard.

  Related Standards

  A number of other standards are of interest to the SQL community. This
  section contains pointers to information on those efforts. These
  pointers will be augmented as additional information becomes available
  on the web.


  ·  SQL Environments (FIPS 193)

  ·  Next Generation Repository Systems (X3H4) - a News Release calling
     for particpation in "Developing Standards for the Next Generation
     Repository Systems."

  24.11.  Part 2 - ISO/ANSI SQL Foundation

  A significant portion of the SQL3 effort is in the SQL Foundation
  document:


  ·  Base SQL/PSM capabilities (moved form SQL/PSM-92)

  ·  New data types

  ·  Triggers

  ·  Subtables

  ·  Abstract Data Types (ADT)

  ·  Object Oriented Capabilities

  There are several prerequisites to the object oriented capabilities:


  ·  Capability of defining complex operations

  ·  Store complex operations in the database

  ·  External procedure calls ­ Some operations may not be in SQL, or
     may require external interactions

  These capabilities are defined as a part of SQL/PSM

  A great deal of work is currently being done to refine the SQL-3
  object model and align it with the object model proposed by ODMG. This
  effort is described in the X3H2 and ISO DBL paper: Accomodating SQL3
  and ODMG. A recent update on the SQL3/OQL Merger is also available.

  SQL3 Timing

  Work on SQL3 is well underway, but the final standards is several
  years away.


  ·  International ballot to progress SQL3 Foundation from Working Draft
     to Committee Draft (CD) taking place fall, 1996.

  ·  Ballot is expected to generate numerous comments

  ·  A second CD ballot is likely to be required

  ·  Draft International Standard ballot is likely to be take place in
     mid 1998

  ·  International Standard could be completed by mid 1999.

  The ANSI version of the standard will be on a similar schedule.

  24.12.  Part 3 - ISO/ANSI SQL Call Level Interface

  The SQL/CLI is a programing call level interface to SQL databases. It
  is designed to support database access from shrink-wrapped
  applications. The CLI was originally created by a subcommittee of the
  SQL Access Group (SAG).  The SAG/CLI specification was published as
  the Microsoft Open DataBase Connectivity (ODBC) specification in 1992.
  In 1993, SAG submitted the CLI to the ANSI and ISO SQL committees.
  (The SQL Access Group has now merged with X/Open consortium.)

  SQL/CLI provides an international standard for:


  ·  Implementation-independent CLI to access SQL databases

  ·  Client-server tools can easily access database through dynamic Link
     Libraries

  ·  Supports and encourages rich set of Client-server tools

  SQL/CLI Timing

  For the standards process, SQL/CLI is being processed with blinding
  speed.


  ·  SQL/CLI is an addendum to 1992 SQL standard (SQL-92)

  ·  Completed as an ISO standard in 1995

  ·  ISO/IEC 9075-3:1995 Information technology -- Database languages --
     SQL -- Part 3: Call-Level Interface (SQL/CLI)

  ·  Current SQL/CLI effort is adding support for SQL3 features

  24.13.  Part 4 - ISO/ANSI SQL Persistent Stored Modules

  SQL/PSM expands SQL by adding:


  ·  Procedural language extensions

  ·  Multi-statement and Stored Procedures

  ·  External function and procedure calls

  In addition to being a valuable application development tool, SQL/PSM
  provides the foundation support for the object oriented capabilities
  in SQL3.

  Multi-statement and Stored Procedures

  Multi-statement and stored procedures offer a variety of advantages in
  a client/server environment:


  ·  Performance - Since a stored procedure can perform multiple SQL
     statements, network interaction with the client are reduced.

  ·  Security - A user can be given the right to call a stored procedure
     that updates a table or set of tables but denied the right to
     update the tables directly

  ·  Shared code - The code in a stored procedure does not have to be
     rewritten and retested for each client tool that accesses the
     database.

  ·  Control - Provides a single point of definition and control for
     application logic.

  Procedural Language Extensions

  Procedural language add the power of a traditional programming
  language to SQL through flow control statements and a variety of other
  programming constructs.

  Flow Control Statements


  ·  If-then-else

  ·  Looping constructs

  ·  Exception handling

  ·  Case statement

  ·  Begin-End blocks

  The procedural language extensions include other programming language
  constructs:


  ·  Variable declarations

  ·  Set statements for value assignment

  ·  Get diagnostics for process and status information

  In addition, all of the traditional SQL statements can be included in
  multi-statement procedures.

  External Procedure and Function Calls

  One feature frequently mentioned in the wish lists for many database
  products, and implemented in some, is a capability augmenting the
  built-in features with calls to user-written procedures external to
  the database software.


  ·  Allows a particular site or application to add their own database
     functions

  ·  Can be used throughout the database applications

  The benefit of this capability is that it gives the database (and
  therefore database applications) access to a rich set of procedures
  and functions too numerous to be defined by a standards committee.

  SQL/PSM Timing

  SQL/PSM is proceeding quickly:



  ·  SQL/PSM is an addendum to SQL-92

  ·  International ballot to progress SQL/PSM from a Draft International
     Standard to an International Standard ended January, 1996.

  ·  Editing meeting in May, 1996 did not resolve all of the comments

  ·  Continuation of PSM Editing meeting is scheduled for September 30
     through October 4, 1996

  ·  The schedule is tight but there is a chance that PSM will be
     published with a 1996 date.

  ·  The official designation will be: ISO/IEC DIS 9075-4:199?
     Information technology -- Database languages -- SQL -- Part 4: SQL
     Persistent Stored Modules (SQL/PSM)

  ·  Work is well underway on adding SQL/PSM support for SQL3 features.

  24.14.  Part 5 - ISO/ANSI SQL/Bindings

  For ease of reference, the programming language bindings have been
  pulled out into a separate document. The current version is simply an
  extract of the dynamic and embedded bindings from SQL-92.

  A variety of issues remain unresolved for the programming language
  bindings.

  For traditional programming language, mappings exist for the SQL-92
  datatypes. However, mappings must be defined between SQL objects and
  programming language variables.

  For object oriented languages, mapping must be defined for the current
  SQL datatypes and between the SQL object model and the object model of
  the object-oriented language.

  The object model needs to stabilize before these can be addressed.

  The language bindings will be completed as a part of SQL3.

  24.15.  Part 6 - ISO/ANSI SQL XA Interface Specialization (SQL/XA)

  This specification would standardize an application program interface
  (API) between a global Transaction Manager and an SQL Resource
  Manager. It would standardize the function calls, based upon the
  semantics of ISO/IEC 10026, "Distributed Transaction Processing", that
  an SQL Resource Manager would have to support for two-phase commit.
  The base document is derived from an X/Open publication, with X/Open
  permission, that specifies explicit input and output parameters and
  semantics, in terms of SQL data types, for the following functions:
  xa_close, xa_commit, xa_complete, xa_end, xa_forget, xa_open,
  xa_prepare, xa_recover, xa_rollback, and xa_start.

  ISO is currently attempting to fast-track the X/Open XA specification.
  The fast-track process adopts a current industry specification with no
  changes.  The XA fast-track ballot at the ISO SC21, JTC 1 level
  started on April 27, 1995 and ends on October 27, 1995. If the XA
  specification is approved by 75% of the votes, and by 2/3 of the p-
  members of JTC 1, it will become an International Standard. If the
  fast-track ballot is approved, SQL/XA could become a standard in 1996.

  24.16.  Part 7 - ISO/ANSI SQL Temporal

  Temporal SQL deals with time-related data. The concept is that it is
  useful to query data to discover what it looked like at a particular
  point in time.  Temporal SQL is a December, 1994 paper by Rick
  Snodgrass describing the concepts.

  X3 Announces the Approval of a New Project, ISO/IEC 9075 Part 7:
  SQL/Temporal is a press release related to SQL/Temporal.


       ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       Temporal SQL
                                       ************
       Rick Snodgrass (chair of the TSQL2 committee)
       31-Dec-1994



  Several people have questioned the need for additional support for
  time in SQL3 (as proposed by DBL RIO-75, requesting a new part of SQL
  to support temporal databases). The claim is that abstract data types
  (ADT's) are sufficient for temporal support. In this informational
  item, I argue, using concrete examples, that using columns typed with
  abstract data types is inadequate for temporal queries. In particular,
  many common temporal queries are either difficult to simulate in SQL,
  or require embedding SQL in a procedural language. Alternatives are
  expressed in TSQL2, a temporal extension to SQL-92.

  24.16.1.  INTRODUCTION

  Valid-time support goes beyond that of a temporal ADT. With the later,
  a column is specified as of a temporal domain, such as DATE or
  INTERVAL (examples will be given shortly). With valid time, the rows
  of a table vary over time, as reality changes. The timestamp
  associated with a row of a valid-time table is interpreted by the
  query language as the time when the combination of values of the
  columns in the row was valid. This implicit timestamp allows queries
  to be expressed succinctly and intuitively.

  24.16.2.  A CASE STUDY - STORING CURRENT INFORMATION

  The University of Arizona's Office of Appointed Personnel has some
  information in a database, including each employee's name, their
  current salary, and their current title. This can be represented by a
  simple table.


               Employee(Name, Salary, Title)



  Given this table, finding an employee's salary is easy.


               SELECT Salary
               FROM Employee
               WHERE Name = 'Bob'



  Now the OAP wishes to record the date of birth. To do so, a column is
  added to the table, yielding the following schema.


               Employee(Name, Salary, Title, DateofBirth DATE)


  Finding the employee's date of birth is analogous to determining the
  salary.


               SELECT DateofBirth
               FROM Employee
               WHERE Name = 'Bob'



  24.16.3.  A CASE STUDY - STORING HISTORY INFORMATION

  The OAP wishes to computerize the employment history. To do so, they
  append two columns, one indicating when the information in the row
  became valid, the other indicating when the information was no longer
  valid.

  Employee (Name, Salary, Title, DateofBirth, Start DATE, Stop DATE)

  To the data model, these new columns are identical to DateofBirth.
  However, their presence has wide-ranging consequences.

  24.16.4.  A CASE STUDY - PROJECTION

  To find an employee's current salary, things are more difficult.


               SELECT Salary
               FROM Employee
               WHERE Name = 'Bob' AND Start <= CURRENT_DATE AND CURRENT_DATE <= Stop



  This query is more complicated than the previous one. The culprit is
  obviously the two new columns. The OAP wants to distribute to each
  employee their salary history. Specifically, for each person, the max­
  imal intervals at each salary needs to be determined. Unfortunately,
  this is not possible in SQL. An employee could have arbitrarily many
  title changes between salary changes.


       Name    Salary  Title             DateofBirth   Start           Stop
       ----    ------  -----             -----------   -----           ----
       Bob     60000   Assistant Provost 1945-04-09    1993-01-01      1993-05-30
       Bob     70000   Assistant Provost 1945-04-09    1993-06-01      1993-09-30
       Bob     70000   Provost           1945-04-09    1993-10-01      1994-01-31
       Bob     70000   Professor         1945-04-09    1994-02-01      1994-12-31

                                      Figure 1



  Note that there are three rows in which Bob's salary remained constant
  at $70,000. Hence, the result should be two rows for Bob.


       Name    Salary  Start           Stop
       ----    ------  -----           ----
       Bob     60000   1993-01-01      1993-05-30
       Bob     70000   1993-06-01      1994-12-31



  One alternative is to give the user a printout of Salary and Title
  information, and have user determine when his/her salary changed. This
  alternative is not very appealing or realistic. A second alternative
  is to use SQL as much as possible.


       CREATE TABLE Temp(Salary, Start, Stop)
       AS      SELECT Salary, Start, Stop
               FROM Employee;



  repeat


               UPDATE Temp T1
               SET (T1.Stop) = (SELECT MAX(T2.Stop)
                                FROM Temp AS T2
                                WHERE T1.Salary = T2.Salary AND T1.Start < T2.Start
                                       AND T1.Stop >= T2.Start AND T1.Stop < T2.Stop)
               WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
                             FROM Temp AS T2
                             WHERE T1.Salary = T2.Salary AND T1.Start < T2.Start
                                       AND T1.Stop >= T2.Start AND T1.Stop < T2.Stop)
               until no rows updated;

       DELETE FROM Temp T1

       WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
                     FROM Temp AS T2
                     WHERE T1.Salary = T2.Salary
                               AND ((T1.Start > T2.Start AND T1.Stop <= T2.Stop)
                               OR (T1.Start >= T2.Start AND T1.Stop < T2.Stop))



  The loop finds those intervals that overlap or are adjacent and thus
  should be merged. The loop is executed log N times in the worst case,
  where N is the number of rows in a chain of overlapping or adjacent
  value-equivalent rows. The reader can simulate the query on the exam­
  ple table to convince him/herself of its correctness.

  A third alternative is to use SQL only to open a cursor on the table.
  A linked list of periods is maintained, each with a salary. This
  linked list should be initialized to empty.


       DECLARE emp_cursor CURSOR FOR
               SELECT Salary, Title, Start, Stop
               FROM Employee;
       OPEN emp_cursor;
       loop:
               FETCH emp_cursor INTO :salary, :start, :stop;
               if no-data returned then goto finished;
               find position in linked list to insert this information;
               goto loop;
       finished:
       CLOSE emp_cursor;



  iterate through linked list, printing out dates and salaries

  The linked list may not be necessary in this case if the cursor is
  ORDER BY Start.

  In any case, the query, a natural one, is quite difficult to express
  using the facilities present in SQL-92. The query is trivial in TSQL2.


               SELECT Salary
               FROM Employee



  24.16.5.  A CASE STUDY - JOIN

  A more drastic approach is to avoid the problem of extracting the
  salary history by reorganizing the schema to separate salary, title,
  and date of birth information (in the following, we ignore the date of
  birth, for simplicity).


               Employee1 (Name, Salary, Start DATE, Stop DATE)
               Employee2 (Name, Title, Start DATE, Stop DATE)



  The Employee1 table is as follows.


       Name    Salary  Start           Stop
       ----    ------  -----           ----
       Bob     60000   1993-01-01      1993-05-30
       Bob     70000   1993-06-01      1993-12-31



  Here is the example Employee2 table.


       Name    Title                   Start           Stop
       ----    ------                  -----           ----
       Bob     Assistant Provost       1993-01-01      1993-09-30
       Bob     Provost                 1993-10-01      1994-01-31
       Bob     Professor               1994-02-01      1994-12-31



  With this change, getting the salary information for an employee is
  now easy.


               SELECT Salary, Start, Stop
               FROM Employee1
               WHERE Name = 'Bob'



  But what if the OAP wants a table of salary, title intervals (that is,
  suppose the OAP wishes a table to be computed in the form of Figure
  1)? One alternative is to print out two tables, and let the user fig­
  ure out the combinations. A second alternative is to use SQL entirely.
  Unfortunately, this query must do a case analysis of how each row of
  Employee1 overlaps each row of Employee2; there are four possible
  cases.


       SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept, Employee1.Start, Employee1.Stop
       FROM Employee1, Employee2
       WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name
            AND Employee2.Start <= Employee1.Start AND Employee1.Stop < Employee2.Stop
       UNION
       SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept, Employee1.Start, Employee2.Stop
       FROM Employee1, Employee2
       WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name
            AND Employee1.Start >= Employee2.Start AND Employee2.Stop < Employee1.Stop
               AND Employee1.Start < Employee2.Stop
       UNION
       SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept, Employee2.Start, Employee1.Stop
       FROM Employee1, Employee2
       WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name
            AND Employee2.Start > Employee1.Start AND Employee1.Stop < Employee2.Stop
               AND Employee2.Start < Employee1.Stop
       UNION
       SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept, Employee2.Start, Employee2.Stop
       FROM Employee1, Employee2
       WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name
            AND Employee2.Start > Employee1.Start AND Employee2.Stop < Employee1.Stop



  Getting all the cases right is a challenging task. In TSQL2, perform­
  ing a temporal join is just what one would expect.


               SELECT Employee1.Name, Salary, Dept
               FROM Employee1, Employee2
               WHERE Employee1.Name = Employee2.Name



  24.16.6.  A CASE STUDY - AGGREGATES

  Now the OAP is asked, what is the maximum salary? Before adding time,
  this was easy.


               SELECT MAX(Salary)
               FROM Employee



  Now that the salary history is stored, we'd like a history of the max­
  imum salary over time. The problem, of course, is that SQL does not
  provide temporal aggregates. The easy way to do this is to print out
  the information, and scan manually for the maximums. An alternative is
  to be tricky and convert the snapshot aggregate query into a non-
  aggregate query, then convert that into a temporal query. The non-
  aggregate query finds those salaries for which a greater salary does
  not exist.



          SELECT Salary
          FROM Employee AS E1
          WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT *
                            FROM Employee AS E2
                            WHERE E2.Salary > E1.Salary)



  Converting this query into a temporal query is far from obvious. The
  following is one approach.


       CREATE TABLE Temp (Salary, Start, Stop)
       AS      SELECT Salary, Start, Stop
               FROM Employee;
       INSERT INTO Temp
               SELECT T.Salary, T.Start, E.Start
               FROM Temp AS T, Employee AS E
               WHERE E.Start >= T.Start AND E.Start < T.Stop AND E.Salary > T.Salary;

       INSERT INTO Temp
               SELECT T.Salary, T.Stop, E.Stop
               FROM Temp AS T, Employee AS E
               WHERE E.Stop > T.Start AND E.Stop <= T.Stop AND E.Salary > T.Salary;
       DELETE FROM Temp T
       WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
                     FROM Employee AS E
                     WHERE ((T.Start => E.Start AND T.Start < E.Stop)
                               OR (E.Start >= T.Start AND E.Start < T.Stop))
                           AND E.Salary > T.Salary;



  This approach creates an auxiliary table. We add to this table the
  lower period of a period subtraction and the upper period of a period
  subtraction.  We then delete all periods that overlap with some row
  defined by the subquery, thereby effecting the NOT EXISTS. Finally we
  generate from the auxiliary table maximal periods, in the same way
  that the salary information was computed above. As one might imagine,
  such SQL code is extremely inefficient to execute, given the complex
  nested queries with inequality predicates.

  A third alternative is to use SQL as little as possible, and instead
  compute the desired maximum history in a host language using cursors.

  The query in TSQL2 is again straightforward and intuitive.


               SELECT MAX(Salary)
               FROM Employee



  24.16.7.  SUMMARY

  Time-varying data is manipulated in most database applications. Valid-
  time support is absent in SQL. Many common temporal queries are either
  difficult to simulate in SQL, or require embedding SQL in a procedural
  language, due to SQL's lack of support for valid-time tables in its
  data model and query constructs.

  Elsewhere, we showed that adding valid-time support requires few
  changes to the DBMS implementation, can dramatically simplify some
  queries and enable others, and can later enable optimizations in
  storage structures, indexing methods, and optimization strategies that
  can yield significant performance improvements.

  With a new part of SQL3 supporting time-varying information, we can
  begin to address such applications, enabling SQL3 to better manage
  temporal data.


       ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Accredited Standards Committee* X3, Information Technology
       NEWS RELEASE

       Doc. No.:       PR/96-0002

       Reply to:       Barbara Bennett at bbennett@itic.nw.dc.us

                    X3 Announces the Approval of a New Project, ISO/IEC

                                9075 Part 7:  SQL/Temporal

       Washington D.C., January 1996
       ----------------------------------------------------------------------------



  -- Accredited Standards Committee X3, Information Technology is
  announcing the approval of a new project on SQL/Temporal Support,
  ISO/IEC 9075 Part 7, with the work being done in Technical Committee
  X3H2, Database.  The scope of this proposed standard specifies a new
  Part of the emerging SQL3 standard, e.g., Part 7, Temporal SQL, to be
  extensions to the SQL language supporting storage, retrieval, and
  manipulation of temporal data in an SQL database environment.  The
  next X3H2 meeting is scheduled for March 11-14, 1996 in Kansas.

  Inquiries regarding this project should be sent to the


               Chairman of X3H2,
               Dr. Donald R. Deutsch,
               Sybase, Inc., Suite 800,
               6550 Rock Spring
               Drive, Bethesda, MD  20817.
               Email: deutsch@sybase.com.



  An initial call for possible patents and other pertinent issues (copy­
  rights, trademarks) is now being issued.  Please submit information on
  these issues to the


               X3 Secretariat at
               1250 Eye Street
               NW, Suite 200,
               Washington DC  20005.
               Email: x3sec@itic.nw.dc.us
               FAX:  (202)638-4922.



  24.17.  Part 8 - ISO/ANSI SQL MULTIMEDIA (SQL/MM)

  A new ISO/IEC international standardization project for development of
  an SQL class library for multimedia applications was approved in early
  1993.  This new standardization activity, named SQL Multimedia
  (SQL/MM), will specify packages of SQL abstract data type (ADT)
  definitions using the facilities for ADT specification and invocation
  provided in the emerging SQL3 specification. SQL/MM intends to
  standardize class libraries for science and engineering, full-text and
  document processing, and methods for the management of multimedia
  objects such as image, sound, animation, music, and video. It will
  likely provide an SQL language binding for multimedia objects defined
  by other JTC1 standardization bodies (e.g. SC18 for documents, SC24
  for images, and SC29 for photographs and motion pictures).

  The Project Plan for SQL/MM indicates that it will be a multi-part
  standard consisting of an evolving number of parts. Part 1 will be a
  Framework that specifies how the other parts are to be constructed.
  Each of the other parts will be devoted to a specific SQL application
  package. The following SQL/MM Part structure exists as of August 1994:


  ·  Part 1: Framework A non-technical description of how the document
     is structured.

  ·  Part 2: Full Text Methods and ADTs for text data processing. About
     45 pages.

  ·  Part 3: Spatial Methods and ADTs for spatial data management. About
     200 pages with active contributions from Spatial Data experts from
     3 national bodies.

  ·  Part 4: General Purpose Methods and ADTs for complex numbers,
     Facilities include trig and exponential functions, vectors, sets,
     etc.  Currently about 90 pages.

  There are a number of standards efforts in the area of Spatial and
  Geographic information:


  ·  ANSI X3L1 - Geographic Information Systems.  Mark Ashworth of
     Unisys is the liason between X3L1 and ANSI X3H2. He is also the
     editor for parts 1, 3, and 4 of the SQL/MM draft.

  ·  ISO TC 211 - Geographic information/Geomatics

  25.  Technical support for PostgreSQL

  If you have any technical question or encounter any problem you can e-
  mail to:

  ·  pgsql-questions@postgresql.org

  ·  Newsgroup  <comp.databases.postgresql.general>

  ·  Newsgroup  <comp.databases.postgresql.hackers>

  ·  Newsgroup  <comp.databases.postgresql.doc>

  ·  Newsgroup  <comp.databases.postgresql.bugs>

  ·  Newsgroup  <linux.postgres>

  ·  Other Mailing lists  <http://www.postgresql.org>

     and expect e-mail answer in less than a day. As the user-base of
     internet product is very vast, and users support other users,
     internet will be capable of giving technical support to billions of
     users easily. Email support is much more convenient than telephone
     support as you can cut and paste error messages, program output
     etc.. and easily transmit to mailing list/newsgroup.


  25.1.  Commercial Support

  PostgreSQL organisation is selling technical support to companies, the
  revenue generated will be used for maintaining several mirror sites
  (web and ftp) around the world. The revenue will also be used to
  produce printed documentation, guides, textbooks which will help the
  customers. They are at <http://www.postgresql.org>

  Another company called 'Great Bridge Corporation' is doing
  development, sales and support of PostgreSQL. They are at
  <http://www.greatbridge.com>. It is a public company setup by
  'Landmark Communications corp' and other venture capital firms to
  exclusively sell and support PostgreSQL to very large enterprises and
  corporations all over the world.

  You can also take help from professional consulting firms like RedHat,
  Anderson, WGS (Work Group Solutions). Contact them for help, since
  they have very good expertise in "C", "C++" (PostgreSQL is written in
  "C") -

  ·  Redhat Corp - Database consulting division  <http://www.redhat.com>

  ·  Work Group Solutions  <http://www.wgs.com>

  ·  Anderson Consulting  <http://www.ac.com>

  26.  Economic and Business Aspects

  Commercial databases pay many taxes like federal, state, sales,
  employment, social security, medicare taxes, health care for
  employees, bunch of benefits for employees, marketing and
  advertisement costs. All these costs do not go directly for the
  development of the database and do not improve the quality or
  technology of the database. When you buy a commercial database, some
  portion of the amount goes for overheads like taxes, expenses and
  balance for database R&D costs.

  Also commercial databases have to pay for buildings/real-estates and
  purchase Unix machines, install and maintain them. All of these costs
  are passed onto customers.

  PostgreSQL has the advantage over commercial databases as there is no
  direct taxes since it is made on the internet. A very vast group of
  people contribute to the development of the PostgreSQL. For example,
  in a hypothetical case, if there are one million companies in U.S.A
  and each contribute about $ 10 (worth of software to PostgreSQL) then
  each and every company will get ten million dollars!! This is the
  GREAT MAGIC of software development on internet.

  Currently, PostgreSQL source code is about 2,50,000 lines of "C",
  "C++" code. If cost of each line of "C" code is $ 2 then the
  PostgreSQL is worth about $ 5,00,000 (half a million dollars!).

  Many companies already develop in-house vast amount of "C", "C++"
  code. Hence by taking in the source code of PostgreSQL and
  collaborating with other companies on internet will greatly benefit
  the company saving time and efforts.


  27.  List of Other Databases

  Listed below are other SQL databases for Unix, Linux.

  ·  Click and go to Applications->databases.
     <http://www.caldera.com/tech-ref/linuxapps/linapps.html>

  ·  Click and go to Applications->databases.
     <http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/linapps.shtml>

  ·  Database resources  <http://linas.org/linux/db.html> This was
     written by Linas Vepstas: linas@fc.net

  ·  Free Database List
     <http://cuiwww.unige.ch:80/~scg/FreeDB/FreeDB.list.html>

  ·  Browne's RDBMS List <http://www.hex.net/~cbbrowne/rdbms.html>
     written by Christopher B. Browne cbbrowne@hex.net

  ·  SAL's List of Relational DBMS <http://SAL.KachinaTech.COM/H/1/>

  ·  SAL's List of Object-Oriented DBMS
     <http://SAL.KachinaTech.COM/H/2/>

  ·  SAL's List of Utilites and Other Databases
     <http://SAL.KachinaTech.COM/H/3/>

  ·  ACM SIGMOD Index of Publicly Available Database Software
     <http://bunny.cs.uiuc.edu/sigmod/databaseSoftware/>

  28.  Internet World Wide Web Searching Tips

  Internet is very vast and it has vast number of software and has a
  ocean of information underneath. It is growing at the rate of 300%
  annually world wide. It is estimated that there are about 10 million
  Web sites world wide!

  To search for a information you would use search engines like "Yahoo",
  "Netscape", "Lycos" etc. Go to Yahoo, click on search.  Use filtering
  options to narrow down your search criteria. The default search action
  is "Intelligent search" which is more general and lists all
  possiblities. Click on "Options" to select "EXACT phrase" search,
  "AND" search, "OR" search, etc.. This way you would find the
  information you need much faster. Also in the search menu, there are
  radio-buttons for searching in Usenet, Web-sites and Yahoo sites.

  29.  Conclusion

  After researching all the available databases which are free and
  source code is available, it was found that ONLY PostgreSQL is the
  MOST mature, most widely used and robust RDBMS SQL free database
  (object relational) in the world.

  PostgreSQL is very appealing since lot of work had already been done.
  It has ODBC and JDBC drivers, using these it is possible to write
  applications independent of the databases. The applications written in
  PostgreSQL using ODBC, JDBC drivers are easily portable to other
  databases like Oracle, Sybase and Informix and vice versa.

  You may ask "But why PostgreSQL ?" The answer is, since it takes lot
  more time to develop a database system from scratch, it makes sense to
  pick up a database system which satisfies the following conditions -

  A database system


  ·  Whose source code is available - Must be a 'Open Source Code'
     system

  ·  Has no license strings, no ownership strings attached to it

  ·  Which can be distributed on internet

  ·  Which had been on development for several years.

  ·  Which satisfies standards like ISO/ANSI SQL 92 (and SQL 89)

  ·  Which can satisfy future needs like SQL 3 (SQL 98)

  ·  Which has advanced capabilities

     And it just happens to be 'PostgreSQL' which satisfies all these
     conditions and is an appropriate software for this situation.  You
     may say 'PostgreSQL' is a very strange name. But my argument is -
     why change the name. This world is stuck with "PostgreSQL"
     forever!!

  30.  FAQ - Questions on PostgreSQL

  Please refer to the latest version of FAQ for General, Linux and Irix
  at

  ·  <http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq-english.shtml>

  31.  Other Formats of this Document

  This document is published in 11 different formats namely - DVI,
  Postscript, Latex, Adobe Acrobat PDF, LyX, GNU-info, HTML, RTF(Rich
  Text Format), Plain-text, Unix man pages and SGML.

  ·  You can get this HOWTO document as a single file tar ball in HTML,
     DVI, Postscript or SGML formats from -
     <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/>

  ·  Plain text format is in:
     <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO>

  ·  Translations to other languages like French, German, Spanish,
     Chinese, Japanese are in
     <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO> Any help from you to
     translate to other languages is welcome.

     The document is written using a tool called "SGML tool" which can
     be got from - <http://www.xs4all.nl/~cg/sgmltools/> Compiling the
     source you will get the following commands like

  ·  sgml2html databasehowto.sgml     (to generate html file)

  ·  sgml2rtf  databasehowto.sgml     (to generate RTF file)

  ·  sgml2latex databasehowto.sgml    (to generate latex file)

  This document is located at -

  ·  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html>

  Also you can find this document at the following mirrors sites -

  ·  <http://www.caldera.com/LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html>

  ·  <http://www.WGS.com/LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html>

  ·  <http://www.cc.gatech.edu/linux/LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html>

  ·  <http://www.redhat.com/linux-info/ldp/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html>

  ·  Other mirror sites near you (network-address-wise) can be found at
     <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/hmirrors.html> select a site and go to
     directory /LDP/HOWTO/PostgreSQL-HOWTO.html


  In order to view the document in dvi format, use the xdvi program. The
  xdvi program is located in tetex-xdvi*.rpm package in Redhat Linux
  which can be located through ControlPanel | Applications | Publishing
  | TeX menu buttons.  To read dvi document give the command -


               xdvi -geometry 80x90 howto.dvi
               man xdvi



  And resize the window with mouse.  To navigate use Arrow keys, Page
  Up, Page Down keys, also you can use 'f', 'd', 'u', 'c', 'l', 'r',
  'p', 'n' letter keys to move up, down, center, next page, previous
  page etc.  To turn off expert menu press 'x'.

  You can read postscript file using the program 'gv' (ghostview) or The
  ghostscript program is in ghostscript*.rpm package and gv program is
  in gv*.rpm package in Redhat Linux which can be located through
  ControlPanel | Applications | Graphics menu buttons. The gv program is
  much more user friendly than ghostscript.  Also ghostscript and gv are
  available on other platforms like OS/2, Windows 95 and NT, you view
  this document even on those platforms.


  ·  Get ghostscript for Windows 95, OS/2, and for all OSes from
     <http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost>

  To read postscript document give the command -


                       gv howto.ps
                       ghostscript howto.ps



  CAUTION: This document is large, total number of pages (postscript) if
  printed will be approximately 113 pages.

  You can read HTML format document using Netscape Navigator, Microsoft
  Internet explorer, Redhat Baron Web browser or any of the 10 other web
  browsers.

  You can read the latex, LyX output using LyX a X-Windows front end to
  latex.

  32.  Copyright Notice

  Copyright policy is GNU/GPL as per LDP (Linux Documentation project).
  LDP is a GNU/GPL project.  Additional restrictions are - you must
  retain the author's name, email address and this copyright notice on
  all the copies. If you make any changes or additions to this document
  then you should intimate all the authors of this document.


  NO LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES. In no event shall the
  author/authors of this document be liable for any damages whatsoever
  (including without limitation, special, incidental, consequential, or
  direct/indirect damages for personal injury, loss of business profits,
  business interruption, loss of business information, or any other
  pecuniary loss) arising out of the use of this document.

  Author/authors offers no warranties or guarantees on fitness,
  usability, merchantability of this document. Brands, companies and
  product names mentioned in this document are trademarks or registered
  trademarks of their respective holders.  Please refer to individual
  copyright notices of brands, companies and products mentioned in this
  document. It is your responsibility to read and understand the
  copyright notices of the organisations/companies/products/authors
  mentioned in this document before using their respective information.

  AG.  Appendix A - Syntax of ANSI/ISO SQL 1992



  This file contains a depth-first tree traversal of the BNF
  for the  language done at about 27-AUG-1992 11:03:41.64.
  The specific version of the BNF included here is:  ANSI-only, SQL2-only.


  <SQL terminal character> ::=
        <SQL language character>
      | <SQL embedded language character>

  <SQL language character> ::=
        <simple Latin letter>
      | <digit>
      | <SQL special character>

  <simple Latin letter> ::=
        <simple Latin upper case letter>
      | <simple Latin lower case letter>

  <simple Latin upper case letter> ::=
            A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O
      | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

  <simple Latin lower case letter> ::=
            a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o
      | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z

  <digit> ::=
      0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

  <SQL special character> ::=
        <space>
      | <double quote>
      | <percent>
      | <ampersand>
      | <quote>
      | <left paren>
      | <right paren>
      | <asterisk>
      | <plus sign>
      | <comma>
      | <minus sign>
      | <period>
      | <solidus>
      | <colon>
      | <semicolon>
      | <less than operator>
      | <equals operator>
      | <greater than operator>
      | <question mark>
      | <underscore>
      | <vertical bar>

  <space> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(space character in character set in use)

  <double quote> ::= "

  <percent> ::= %

  <ampersand> ::= &

  <quote> ::= '

  <left paren> ::= (

  <right paren> ::= )

  <asterisk> ::= *

  <plus sign> ::= +

  <comma> ::= ,

  <minus sign> ::= -

  <period> ::= .

  <solidus> ::= /

  <colon> ::= :

  <semicolon> ::= ;

  <less than operator> ::= <

  <equals operator> ::= =

  <greater than operator> ::= >

  <question mark> ::= ?

  <underscore> ::= _

  <vertical bar> ::= |

  <SQL embedded language character> ::=
        <left bracket>
      | <right bracket>

  <left bracket> ::= [

  <right bracket> ::= ]

  <token> ::=
        <nondelimiter token>
      | <delimiter token>

  <nondelimiter token> ::=
        <regular identifier>
      | <key word>
      | <unsigned numeric literal>
      | <national character string literal>
      | <bit string literal>
      | <hex string literal>

  <regular identifier> ::= <identifier body>

  <identifier body> ::=
      <identifier start> [ ( <underscore> | <identifier part> )... ]

  <identifier start> ::= <EMPHASIS>(!! See the Syntax Rules)

  <identifier part> ::=
        <identifier start>
      | <digit>

  <key word> ::=
        <reserved word>
      | <non-reserved word>

  <reserved word> ::=
        ABSOLUTE | ACTION | ADD | ALL
      | ALLOCATE | ALTER | AND
      | ANY | ARE
      | AS | ASC
      | ASSERTION | AT
      | AUTHORIZATION | AVG
      | BEGIN | BETWEEN | BIT | BIT_LENGTH
      | BOTH | BY
      | CASCADE | CASCADED | CASE | CAST
      | CATALOG
      | CHAR | CHARACTER | CHAR_LENGTH
      | CHARACTER_LENGTH | CHECK | CLOSE | COALESCE
      | COLLATE | COLLATION
      | COLUMN | COMMIT
      | CONNECT
      | CONNECTION | CONSTRAINT
      | CONSTRAINTS | CONTINUE
      | CONVERT | CORRESPONDING | COUNT | CREATE | CROSS
      | CURRENT
      | CURRENT_DATE | CURRENT_TIME
      | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | CURRENT_USER | CURSOR
      | DATE | DAY | DEALLOCATE | DEC
      | DECIMAL | DECLARE | DEFAULT | DEFERRABLE
      | DEFERRED | DELETE | DESC | DESCRIBE | DESCRIPTOR
      | DIAGNOSTICS
      | DISCONNECT | DISTINCT | DOMAIN | DOUBLE | DROP
      | ELSE | END | END-EXEC | ESCAPE
      | EXCEPT | EXCEPTION
      | EXEC | EXECUTE | EXISTS
      | EXTERNAL | EXTRACT
      | FALSE | FETCH | FIRST | FLOAT | FOR
      | FOREIGN | FOUND | FROM | FULL
      | GET | GLOBAL | GO | GOTO
      | GRANT | GROUP
      | HAVING | HOUR
      | IDENTITY | IMMEDIATE | IN | INDICATOR
      | INITIALLY | INNER | INPUT
      | INSENSITIVE | INSERT | INT | INTEGER | INTERSECT
      | INTERVAL | INTO | IS
      | ISOLATION
      | JOIN
      | KEY
      | LANGUAGE | LAST | LEADING | LEFT
      | LEVEL | LIKE | LOCAL | LOWER
      | MATCH | MAX | MIN | MINUTE | MODULE
      | MONTH
      | NAMES | NATIONAL | NATURAL | NCHAR | NEXT | NO
      | NOT | NULL
      | NULLIF | NUMERIC
      | OCTET_LENGTH | OF
      | ON | ONLY | OPEN | OPTION | OR
      | ORDER | OUTER
      | OUTPUT | OVERLAPS
      | PAD | PARTIAL | POSITION | PRECISION | PREPARE
      | PRESERVE | PRIMARY
      | PRIOR | PRIVILEGES | PROCEDURE | PUBLIC
      | READ | REAL | REFERENCES | RELATIVE | RESTRICT
      | REVOKE | RIGHT
      | ROLLBACK | ROWS
      | SCHEMA | SCROLL | SECOND | SECTION
      | SELECT
      | SESSION | SESSION_USER | SET
      | SIZE | SMALLINT | SOME | SPACE | SQL | SQLCODE
      | SQLERROR | SQLSTATE
      | SUBSTRING | SUM | SYSTEM_USER
      | TABLE | TEMPORARY
      | THEN | TIME | TIMESTAMP
      | TIMEZONE_HOUR | TIMEZONE_MINUTE
      | TO | TRAILING | TRANSACTION
      | TRANSLATE | TRANSLATION | TRIM | TRUE
      | UNION | UNIQUE | UNKNOWN | UPDATE | UPPER | USAGE
      | USER | USING
      | VALUE | VALUES | VARCHAR | VARYING | VIEW
      | WHEN | WHENEVER | WHERE | WITH | WORK | WRITE
      | YEAR
      | ZONE

  <non-reserved word> ::=

        ADA
      | C | CATALOG_NAME
      | CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG | CHARACTER_SET_NAME
      | CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA | CLASS_ORIGIN | COBOL | COLLATION_CATALOG
      | COLLATION_NAME | COLLATION_SCHEMA | COLUMN_NAME | COMMAND_FUNCTION
      | COMMITTED
      | CONDITION_NUMBER | CONNECTION_NAME | CONSTRAINT_CATALOG | CONSTRAINT_NAME
      | CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA | CURSOR_NAME
      | DATA | DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE
      | DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
      | FORTRAN
      | LENGTH
      | MESSAGE_LENGTH | MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH | MESSAGE_TEXT | MORE | MUMPS
      | NAME | NULLABLE | NUMBER
      | PASCAL | PLI
      | REPEATABLE | RETURNED_LENGTH | RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH | RETURNED_SQLSTATE
      | ROW_COUNT
      | SCALE | SCHEMA_NAME | SERIALIZABLE | SERVER_NAME | SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
      | TABLE_NAME | TYPE
      | UNCOMMITTED | UNNAMED

  <unsigned numeric literal> ::=
        <exact numeric literal>
      | <approximate numeric literal>

  <exact numeric literal> ::=
        <unsigned integer> [ <period> [ <unsigned integer> ] ]
      | <period> <unsigned integer>

  <unsigned integer> ::= <digit>...

  <approximate numeric literal> ::= <mantissa> E <exponent>

  <mantissa> ::= <exact numeric literal>

  <exponent> ::= <signed integer>

  <signed integer> ::= [ <sign> ] <unsigned integer>

  <sign> ::= <plus sign> | <minus sign>

  <national character string literal> ::=
      N <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote>
        [ ( <separator>... <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote> )... ]

  <character representation> ::=
        <nonquote character>
      | <quote symbol>

  <nonquote character> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

  <quote symbol> ::= <quote><quote>

  <separator> ::= ( <comment> | <space> | <newline> )...

  <comment> ::=
      <comment introducer> [ <comment character>... ] <newline>

  <comment introducer> ::= <minus sign><minus sign>[<minus sign>...]

  <comment character> ::=
        <nonquote character>
      | <quote>

  <newline> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(implementation-defined end-of-line indicator)

  <bit string literal> ::=
      B <quote> [ <bit>... ] <quote>
        [ ( <separator>... <quote> [ <bit>... ] <quote> )... ]

  <bit> ::= 0 | 1

  <hex string literal> ::=
      X <quote> [ <hexit>... ] <quote>
        [ ( <separator>... <quote> [ <hexit>... ] <quote> )... ]

  <hexit> ::= <digit> | A | B | C | D | E | F | a | b | c | d | e | f

  <delimiter token> ::=
        <character string literal>
      | <date string>
      | <time string>
      | <timestamp string>
      | <interval string>
      | <delimited identifier>
      | <SQL special character>
      | <not equals operator>
      | <greater than or equals operator>
      | <less than or equals operator>
      | <concatenation operator>
      | <double period>
      | <left bracket>
      | <right bracket>

  <character string literal> ::=
      [ <introducer><character set specification> ]
      <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote>
        [ ( <separator>... <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote> )... ]

  <introducer> ::= <underscore>

  <character set specification> ::=
        <standard character repertoire name>
      | <implementation-defined character repertoire name>
      | <user-defined character repertoire name>
      | <standard universal character form-of-use name>
      | <implementation-defined universal character form-of-use name>

  <standard character repertoire name> ::= <character set name>

  <character set name> ::= [ <schema name> <period> ]
        <SQL language identifier>

  <schema name> ::=
      [ <catalog name> <period> ] <unqualified schema name>

  <catalog name> ::= <identifier>

  <identifier> ::=
      [ <introducer><character set specification> ] <actual identifier>

  <actual identifier> ::=
        <regular identifier>
      | <delimited identifier>

  <delimited identifier> ::=
      <double quote> <delimited identifier body> <double quote>

  <delimited identifier body> ::= <delimited identifier part>...

  <delimited identifier part> ::=
        <nondoublequote character>
      | <doublequote symbol>

  <nondoublequote character> ::= <EMPHASIS>(!! See the Syntax Rules)

  <doublequote symbol> ::= <double quote><double quote>

  <unqualified schema name> ::= <identifier>

  <SQL language identifier> ::=
      <SQL language identifier start>
         [ ( <underscore> | <SQL language identifier part> )... ]

  <SQL language identifier start> ::= <simple Latin letter>

  <SQL language identifier part> ::=
        <simple Latin letter>
      | <digit>

  <implementation-defined character repertoire name> ::=
      <character set name>

  <user-defined character repertoire name> ::= <character set name>

  <standard universal character form-of-use name> ::=
      <character set name>

  <implementation-defined universal character form-of-use name> ::=
      <character set name>

  <date string> ::=
      <quote> <date value> <quote>

  <date value> ::=
      <years value> <minus sign> <months value>
          <minus sign> <days value>

  <years value> ::= <datetime value>

  <datetime value> ::= <unsigned integer>

  <months value> ::= <datetime value>

  <days value> ::= <datetime value>

  <time string> ::=
      <quote> <time value> [ <time zone interval> ] <quote>

  <time value> ::=
      <hours value> <colon> <minutes value> <colon> <seconds value>

  <hours value> ::= <datetime value>

  <minutes value> ::= <datetime value>

  <seconds value> ::=
        <seconds integer value> [ <period> [ <seconds fraction> ] ]

  <seconds integer value> ::= <unsigned integer>

  <seconds fraction> ::= <unsigned integer>

  <time zone interval> ::=
      <sign> <hours value> <colon> <minutes value>

  <timestamp string> ::=
      <quote> <date value> <space> <time value>
          [ <time zone interval> ] <quote>

  <interval string> ::=
      <quote> ( <year-month literal> | <day-time literal> ) <quote>

  <year-month literal> ::=
        <years value>
      | [ <years value> <minus sign> ] <months value>

  <day-time literal> ::=
        <day-time interval>
      | <time interval>

  <day-time interval> ::=
      <days value>
        [ <space> <hours value> [ <colon> <minutes value>
          [ <colon> <seconds value> ] ] ]

  <time interval> ::=
        <hours value> [ <colon> <minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ] ]
      | <minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ]
      | <seconds value>

  <not equals operator> ::= <>

  <greater than or equals operator> ::= >=

  <less than or equals operator> ::= <=

  <concatenation operator> ::= ||

  <double period> ::= ..

  <module> ::=
      <module name clause>
      <language clause>
      <module authorization clause>
      [ <temporary table declaration>... ]
      <module contents>...

  <module name clause> ::=
      MODULE [ <module name> ]
        [ <module character set specification> ]

  <module name> ::= <identifier>

  <module character set specification> ::=
      NAMES ARE <character set specification>

  <language clause> ::=
      LANGUAGE <language name>

  <language name> ::=
      ADA | C | COBOL | FORTRAN | MUMPS | PASCAL | PLI

  <module authorization clause> ::=
        SCHEMA <schema name>
      | AUTHORIZATION <module authorization identifier>
      | SCHEMA <schema name>
            AUTHORIZATION <module authorization identifier>

  <module authorization identifier> ::=
      <authorization identifier>

  <authorization identifier> ::= <identifier>

  <temporary table declaration> ::=
      DECLARE LOCAL TEMPORARY TABLE
          <qualified local table name>
        <table element list>
        [ ON COMMIT ( PRESERVE | DELETE ) ROWS ]

  <qualified local table name> ::=
      MODULE <period> <local table name>

  <local table name> ::= <qualified identifier>

  <qualified identifier> ::= <identifier>

  <table element list> ::=
        <left paren> <table element> [ ( <comma> <table element> )... ] <right paren>

  <table element> ::=
        <column definition>
      | <table constraint definition>

  <column definition> ::=
      <column name> ( <data type> | <domain name> )
      [ <default clause> ]
      [ <column constraint definition>... ]
      [ <collate clause> ]

  <column name> ::= <identifier>

  <data type> ::=
        <character string type>
             [ CHARACTER SET <character set specification> ]
      | <national character string type>
      | <bit string type>
      | <numeric type>
      | <datetime type>
      | <interval type>

  <character string type> ::=
        CHARACTER [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
      | CHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
      | CHARACTER VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
      | CHAR VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
      | VARCHAR <left paren> <length> <right paren>

  <length> ::= <unsigned integer>

  <national character string type> ::=
        NATIONAL CHARACTER [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
      | NATIONAL CHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
      | NCHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
      | NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
      | NATIONAL CHAR VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
      | NCHAR VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>

  <bit string type> ::=
        BIT [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
      | BIT VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>

  <numeric type> ::=
        <exact numeric type>
      | <approximate numeric type>

  <exact numeric type> ::=
        NUMERIC [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
      | DECIMAL [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
      | DEC [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
      | INTEGER
      | INT
      | SMALLINT

  <precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

  <scale> ::= <unsigned integer>

  <approximate numeric type> ::=
        FLOAT [ <left paren> <precision> <right paren> ]
      | REAL
      | DOUBLE PRECISION

  <datetime type> ::=
        DATE
      | TIME [ <left paren> <time precision> <right paren> ]
            [ WITH TIME ZONE ]
      | TIMESTAMP [ <left paren> <timestamp precision> <right paren> ]
            [ WITH TIME ZONE ]

  <time precision> ::= <time fractional seconds precision>

  <time fractional seconds precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

  <timestamp precision> ::= <time fractional seconds precision>

  <interval type> ::= INTERVAL <interval qualifier>

  <interval qualifier> ::=
        <start field> TO <end field>
      | <single datetime field>

  <start field> ::=
      <non-second datetime field>
          [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision> <right paren> ]

  <non-second datetime field> ::= YEAR | MONTH | DAY | HOUR
      | MINUTE

  <interval leading field precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

  <end field> ::=
        <non-second datetime field>
      | SECOND [ <left paren> <interval fractional seconds precision> <right paren> ]

  <interval fractional seconds precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

  <single datetime field> ::=
        <non-second datetime field>
            [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision> <right paren> ]
      | SECOND [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision>
            [ <comma> <interval fractional seconds precision> ] <right paren> ]

  <domain name> ::= <qualified name>

  <qualified name> ::=
      [ <schema name> <period> ] <qualified identifier>

  <default clause> ::=
        DEFAULT <default option>

  <default option> ::=
        <literal>
      | <datetime value function>
      | USER
      | CURRENT_USER
      | SESSION_USER
      | SYSTEM_USER
      | NULL

  <literal> ::=
        <signed numeric literal>
      | <general literal>

  <signed numeric literal> ::=
      [ <sign> ] <unsigned numeric literal>

  <general literal> ::=
        <character string literal>
      | <national character string literal>
      | <bit string literal>
      | <hex string literal>
      | <datetime literal>
      | <interval literal>

  <datetime literal> ::=
        <date literal>
      | <time literal>
      | <timestamp literal>

  <date literal> ::=
      DATE <date string>

  <time literal> ::=
      TIME <time string>

  <timestamp literal> ::=
      TIMESTAMP <timestamp string>

  <interval literal> ::=
      INTERVAL [ <sign> ] <interval string> <interval qualifier>

  <datetime value function> ::=
        <current date value function>
      | <current time value function>
      | <current timestamp value function>

  <current date value function> ::= CURRENT_DATE

  <current time value function> ::=
        CURRENT_TIME [ <left paren> <time precision> <right paren> ]

  <current timestamp value function> ::=
        CURRENT_TIMESTAMP [ <left paren> <timestamp precision> <right paren> ]

  <column constraint definition> ::=
      [ <constraint name definition> ]
      <column constraint>
        [ <constraint attributes> ]

  <constraint name definition> ::= CONSTRAINT <constraint name>
  <constraint name> ::= <qualified name>

  <column constraint> ::=
        NOT NULL
      | <unique specification>
      | <references specification>
      | <check constraint definition>

  <unique specification> ::=
      UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY

  <references specification> ::=
      REFERENCES <referenced table and columns>
        [ MATCH <match type> ]
        [ <referential triggered action> ]

  <referenced table and columns> ::=
       <table name> [ <left paren> <reference column list> <right paren> ]

  <table name> ::=
        <qualified name>
      | <qualified local table name>

  <reference column list> ::= <column name list>

  <column name list> ::=
      <column name> [ ( <comma> <column name> )... ]

  <match type> ::=
        FULL
      | PARTIAL

  <referential triggered action> ::=
        <update rule> [ <delete rule> ]
      | <delete rule> [ <update rule> ]

  <update rule> ::= ON UPDATE <referential action>

  <referential action> ::=
        CASCADE
      | SET NULL
      | SET DEFAULT
      | NO ACTION

  <delete rule> ::= ON DELETE <referential action>

  <check constraint definition> ::=
      CHECK
          <left paren> <search condition> <right paren>

  <search condition> ::=
        <boolean term>
      | <search condition> OR <boolean term>

  <boolean term> ::=
        <boolean factor>
      | <boolean term> AND <boolean factor>

  <boolean factor> ::=
      [ NOT ] <boolean test>

  <boolean test> ::=
      <boolean primary> [ IS [ NOT ]
            <truth value> ]

  <boolean primary> ::=
        <predicate>
      | <left paren> <search condition> <right paren>

  <predicate> ::=
        <comparison predicate>
      | <between predicate>
      | <in predicate>
      | <like predicate>
      | <null predicate>
      | <quantified comparison predicate>
      | <exists predicate>
      | <unique predicate>
      | <match predicate>
      | <overlaps predicate>

  <comparison predicate> ::=
      <row value constructor> <comp op>
          <row value constructor>

  <row value constructor> ::=
         <row value constructor element>
      | <left paren> <row value constructor list> <right paren>
      | <row subquery>

  <row value constructor element> ::=
        <value expression>
      | <null specification>
      | <default specification>

  <value expression> ::=
        <numeric value expression>
      | <string value expression>
      | <datetime value expression>
      | <interval value expression>

  <numeric value expression> ::=
        <term>
      | <numeric value expression> <plus sign> <term>
      | <numeric value expression> <minus sign> <term>

  <term> ::=
        <factor>
      | <term> <asterisk> <factor>
      | <term> <solidus> <factor>

  <factor> ::=
      [ <sign> ] <numeric primary>

  <numeric primary> ::=
        <value expression primary>
      | <numeric value function>

  <value expression primary> ::=
        <unsigned value specification>
      | <column reference>
      | <set function specification>
      | <scalar subquery>
      | <case expression>
      | <left paren> <value expression> <right paren>
      | <cast specification>

  <unsigned value specification> ::=
        <unsigned literal>
      | <general value specification>

  <unsigned literal> ::=
        <unsigned numeric literal>
      | <general literal>

  <general value specification> ::=
        <parameter specification>
      | <dynamic parameter specification>
      | <variable specification>
      | USER
      | CURRENT_USER
      | SESSION_USER
      | SYSTEM_USER
      | VALUE

  <parameter specification> ::=
      <parameter name> [ <indicator parameter> ]

  <parameter name> ::= <colon> <identifier>

  <indicator parameter> ::=
      [ INDICATOR ] <parameter name>

  <dynamic parameter specification> ::= <question mark>

  <variable specification> ::=
      <embedded variable name> [ <indicator variable> ]

  <embedded variable name> ::=
      <colon><host identifier>

  <host identifier> ::=
        <Ada host identifier>
      | <C host identifier>
      | <COBOL host identifier>
      | <Fortran host identifier>
      | <MUMPS host identifier>
      | <Pascal host identifier>
      | <PL/I host identifier>

  <Ada host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

  <C host identifier> ::=
      !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

  <COBOL host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

  <Fortran host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

  <MUMPS host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

  <Pascal host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

  <PL/I host identifier> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

  <indicator variable> ::=
      [ INDICATOR ] <embedded variable name>

  <column reference> ::= [ <qualifier> <period> ] <column name>

  <qualifier> ::=
        <table name>
      | <correlation name>

  <correlation name> ::= <identifier>

  <set function specification> ::=
        COUNT <left paren> <asterisk> <right paren>
      | <general set function>

  <general set function> ::=
        <set function type>
            <left paren> [ <set quantifier> ] <value expression> <right paren>

  <set function type> ::=
      AVG | MAX | MIN | SUM | COUNT

  <set quantifier> ::= DISTINCT | ALL

  <scalar subquery> ::= <subquery>

  <subquery> ::= <left paren> <query expression> <right paren>

  <query expression> ::=
        <non-join query expression>
      | <joined table>

  <non-join query expression> ::=
        <non-join query term>
      | <query expression> UNION  [ ALL ]
            [ <corresponding spec> ] <query term>
      | <query expression> EXCEPT [ ALL ]
            [ <corresponding spec> ] <query term>

  <non-join query term> ::=
        <non-join query primary>
      | <query term> INTERSECT [ ALL ]
            [ <corresponding spec> ] <query primary>

  <non-join query primary> ::=
        <simple table>
      | <left paren> <non-join query expression> <right paren>

  <simple table> ::=
        <query specification>
      | <table value constructor>
      | <explicit table>

  <query specification> ::=
      SELECT [ <set quantifier> ] <select list> <table expression>

  <select list> ::=
        <asterisk>
      | <select sublist> [ ( <comma> <select sublist> )... ]

  <select sublist> ::=
        <derived column>
      | <qualifier> <period> <asterisk>

  <derived column> ::= <value expression> [ <as clause> ]

  <as clause> ::= [ AS ] <column name>

  <table expression> ::=
      <from clause>
      [ <where clause> ]
      [ <group by clause> ]
      [ <having clause> ]

  <from clause> ::= FROM <table reference>
      [ ( <comma> <table reference> )... ]

  <table reference> ::=
        <table name> [ [ AS ] <correlation name>
            [ <left paren> <derived column list> <right paren> ] ]
      | <derived table> [ AS ] <correlation name>
            [ <left paren> <derived column list> <right paren> ]
      | <joined table>

  <derived column list> ::= <column name list>

  <derived table> ::= <table subquery>

  <table subquery> ::= <subquery>

  <joined table> ::=
        <cross join>
      | <qualified join>
      | <left paren> <joined table> <right paren>

  <cross join> ::=
      <table reference> CROSS JOIN <table reference>

  <qualified join> ::=
      <table reference> [ NATURAL ] [ <join type> ] JOIN
        <table reference> [ <join specification> ]

  <join type> ::=
        INNER
      | <outer join type> [ OUTER ]
      | UNION

  <outer join type> ::=
        LEFT
      | RIGHT
      | FULL

  <join specification> ::=
        <join condition>
      | <named columns join>

  <join condition> ::= ON <search condition>

  <named columns join> ::=
      USING <left paren> <join column list> <right paren>

  <join column list> ::= <column name list>

  <where clause> ::= WHERE <search condition>

  <group by clause> ::=
      GROUP BY <grouping column reference list>

  <grouping column reference list> ::=
      <grouping column reference>
          [ ( <comma> <grouping column reference> )... ]

  <grouping column reference> ::=
      <column reference> [ <collate clause> ]

  <collate clause> ::= COLLATE <collation name>

  <collation name> ::= <qualified name>

  <having clause> ::= HAVING <search condition>

  <table value constructor> ::=
      VALUES <table value constructor list>

  <table value constructor list> ::=
      <row value constructor> [ ( <comma> <row value constructor> )... ]

  <explicit table> ::= TABLE <table name>

  <query term> ::=
        <non-join query term>
      | <joined table>

  <corresponding spec> ::=
      CORRESPONDING [ BY <left paren> <corresponding column list> <right paren> ]

  <corresponding column list> ::= <column name list>

  <query primary> ::=
        <non-join query primary>
      | <joined table>

  <case expression> ::=
        <case abbreviation>
      | <case specification>

  <case abbreviation> ::=
        NULLIF <left paren> <value expression> <comma>
              <value expression> <right paren>
      | COALESCE <left paren> <value expression>
              ( <comma> <value expression> )... <right paren>

  <case specification> ::=
        <simple case>
      | <searched case>

  <simple case> ::=
      CASE <case operand>
        <simple when clause>...
        [ <else clause> ]
      END

  <case operand> ::= <value expression>

  <simple when clause> ::= WHEN <when operand> THEN <result>

  <when operand> ::= <value expression>

  <result> ::= <result expression> | NULL

  <result expression> ::= <value expression>

  <else clause> ::= ELSE <result>

  <searched case> ::=
      CASE
        <searched when clause>...
        [ <else clause> ]
      END

  <searched when clause> ::= WHEN <search condition> THEN <result>

  <cast specification> ::=
      CAST <left paren> <cast operand> AS
          <cast target> <right paren>

  <cast operand> ::=
        <value expression>
      | NULL

  <cast target> ::=
        <domain name>
      | <data type>

  <numeric value function> ::=
        <position expression>
      | <extract expression>
      | <length expression>

  <position expression> ::=
      POSITION <left paren> <character value expression>
          IN <character value expression> <right paren>

  <character value expression> ::=
        <concatenation>
      | <character factor>

  <concatenation> ::=
      <character value expression> <concatenation operator>
          <character factor>

  <character factor> ::=
      <character primary> [ <collate clause> ]

  <character primary> ::=
        <value expression primary>
      | <string value function>

  <string value function> ::=
        <character value function>
      | <bit value function>

  <character value function> ::=
        <character substring function>
      | <fold>
      | <form-of-use conversion>
      | <character translation>
      | <trim function>

  <character substring function> ::=
      SUBSTRING <left paren> <character value expression> FROM <start position>
                  [ FOR <string length> ] <right paren>

  <start position> ::= <numeric value expression>

  <string length> ::= <numeric value expression>

  <fold> ::= ( UPPER | LOWER )
       <left paren> <character value expression> <right paren>

  <form-of-use conversion> ::=
      CONVERT <left paren> <character value expression>
          USING <form-of-use conversion name> <right paren>

  <form-of-use conversion name> ::= <qualified name>

  <character translation> ::=
      TRANSLATE <left paren> <character value expression>
          USING <translation name> <right paren>

  <translation name> ::= <qualified name>

  <trim function> ::=
      TRIM <left paren> <trim operands> <right paren>

  <trim operands> ::=
      [ [ <trim specification> ] [ <trim character> ] FROM ] <trim source>
  <trim specification> ::=
        LEADING
      | TRAILING
      | BOTH

  <trim character> ::= <character value expression>

  <trim source> ::= <character value expression>

  <bit value function> ::=
      <bit substring function>

  <bit substring function> ::=
      SUBSTRING <left paren> <bit value expression> FROM <start position>
          [ FOR <string length> ] <right paren>

  <bit value expression> ::=
        <bit concatenation>
      | <bit factor>

  <bit concatenation> ::=
      <bit value expression> <concatenation operator> <bit factor>

  <bit factor> ::= <bit primary>

  <bit primary> ::=
        <value expression primary>
      | <string value function>

  <extract expression> ::=
      EXTRACT <left paren> <extract field>
          FROM <extract source> <right paren>

  <extract field> ::=
        <datetime field>
      | <time zone field>

  <datetime field> ::=
        <non-second datetime field>
      | SECOND

  <time zone field> ::=
        TIMEZONE_HOUR
      | TIMEZONE_MINUTE

  <extract source> ::=
        <datetime value expression>
      | <interval value expression>

  <datetime value expression> ::=
        <datetime term>
      | <interval value expression> <plus sign> <datetime term>
      | <datetime value expression> <plus sign> <interval term>
      | <datetime value expression> <minus sign> <interval term>

  <interval term> ::=
        <interval factor>
      | <interval term 2> <asterisk> <factor>
      | <interval term 2> <solidus> <factor>
      | <term> <asterisk> <interval factor>

  <interval factor> ::=
      [ <sign> ] <interval primary>

  <interval primary> ::=
        <value expression primary> [ <interval qualifier> ]
  <interval term 2> ::= <interval term>

  <interval value expression> ::=
        <interval term>
      | <interval value expression 1> <plus sign> <interval term 1>
      | <interval value expression 1> <minus sign> <interval term 1>
      | <left paren> <datetime value expression> <minus sign>
            <datetime term> <right paren> <interval qualifier>

  <interval value expression 1> ::= <interval value expression>

  <interval term 1> ::= <interval term>

  <datetime term> ::=
        <datetime factor>

  <datetime factor> ::=
        <datetime primary> [ <time zone> ]

  <datetime primary> ::=
        <value expression primary>
      | <datetime value function>

  <time zone> ::=
      AT <time zone specifier>

  <time zone specifier> ::=
        LOCAL
      | TIME ZONE <interval value expression>

  <length expression> ::=
        <char length expression>
      | <octet length expression>
      | <bit length expression>

  <char length expression> ::=
      ( CHAR_LENGTH | CHARACTER_LENGTH )
          <left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>

  <string value expression> ::=
        <character value expression>
      | <bit value expression>

  <octet length expression> ::=
      OCTET_LENGTH <left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>

  <bit length expression> ::=
      BIT_LENGTH <left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>

  <null specification> ::=
      NULL

  <default specification> ::=
      DEFAULT

  <row value constructor list> ::=
      <row value constructor element>
          [ ( <comma> <row value constructor element> )... ]

  <row subquery> ::= <subquery>

  <comp op> ::=
        <equals operator>
      | <not equals operator>
      | <less than operator>
      | <greater than operator>
      | <less than or equals operator>
      | <greater than or equals operator>

  <between predicate> ::=
      <row value constructor> [ NOT ] BETWEEN
        <row value constructor> AND <row value constructor>

  <in predicate> ::=
      <row value constructor>
        [ NOT ] IN <in predicate value>

  <in predicate value> ::=
        <table subquery>
      | <left paren> <in value list> <right paren>

  <in value list> ::=
      <value expression> ( <comma> <value expression> )...

  <like predicate> ::=
      <match value> [ NOT ] LIKE <pattern>
        [ ESCAPE <escape character> ]

  <match value> ::= <character value expression>

  <pattern> ::= <character value expression>

  <escape character> ::= <character value expression>

  <null predicate> ::= <row value constructor>
      IS [ NOT ] NULL

  <quantified comparison predicate> ::=
      <row value constructor> <comp op> <quantifier> <table subquery>

  <quantifier> ::= <all> | <some>

  <all> ::= ALL

  <some> ::= SOME | ANY

  <exists predicate> ::= EXISTS <table subquery>

  <unique predicate> ::= UNIQUE <table subquery>

  <match predicate> ::=
      <row value constructor> MATCH [ UNIQUE ]
          [ PARTIAL | FULL ] <table subquery>

  <overlaps predicate> ::=
      <row value constructor 1> OVERLAPS <row value constructor 2>

  <row value constructor 1> ::= <row value constructor>

  <row value constructor 2> ::= <row value constructor>

  <truth value> ::=
        TRUE
      | FALSE
      | UNKNOWN

  <constraint attributes> ::=
        <constraint check time> [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
      | [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE [ <constraint check time> ]

  <constraint check time> ::=
        INITIALLY DEFERRED
      | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE

  <table constraint definition> ::=
      [ <constraint name definition> ]
      <table constraint> [ <constraint attributes> ]

  <table constraint> ::=
        <unique constraint definition>
      | <referential constraint definition>
      | <check constraint definition>

  <unique constraint definition> ::=
              <unique specification> even in SQL3)
      <unique specification>
        <left paren> <unique column list> <right paren>

  <unique column list> ::= <column name list>

  <referential constraint definition> ::=
      FOREIGN KEY
          <left paren> <referencing columns> <right paren>
        <references specification>

  <referencing columns> ::=
      <reference column list>

  <module contents> ::=
        <declare cursor>
      | <dynamic declare cursor>
      | <procedure>

  <declare cursor> ::=
      DECLARE <cursor name> [ INSENSITIVE ] [ SCROLL ] CURSOR
        FOR <cursor specification>

  <cursor name> ::= <identifier>

  <cursor specification> ::=
      <query expression> [ <order by clause> ]
        [ <updatability clause> ]

  <order by clause> ::=
      ORDER BY <sort specification list>

  <sort specification list> ::=
      <sort specification> [ ( <comma> <sort specification> )... ]

  <sort specification> ::=
      <sort key> [ <collate clause> ] [ <ordering specification> ]

  <sort key> ::=
        <column name>
      | <unsigned integer>

  <ordering specification> ::= ASC | DESC

  <updatability clause> ::=
      FOR
          ( READ ONLY |
            UPDATE [ OF <column name list> ] )

  <dynamic declare cursor> ::=
      DECLARE <cursor name> [ INSENSITIVE ] [ SCROLL ] CURSOR
          FOR <statement name>

  <statement name> ::= <identifier>
  <procedure> ::=
      PROCEDURE <procedure name>
          <parameter declaration list> <semicolon>
        <SQL procedure statement> <semicolon>

  <procedure name> ::= <identifier>

  <parameter declaration list> ::=
        <left paren> <parameter declaration>
            [ ( <comma> <parameter declaration> )... ] <right paren>
      | <parameter declaration>...

  <parameter declaration> ::=
        <parameter name> <data type>
      | <status parameter>

  <status parameter> ::=
      SQLCODE | SQLSTATE

  <SQL procedure statement> ::=
        <SQL schema statement>
      | <SQL data statement>
      | <SQL transaction statement>
      | <SQL connection statement>
      | <SQL session statement>
      | <SQL dynamic statement>
      | <SQL diagnostics statement>

  <SQL schema statement> ::=
        <SQL schema definition statement>
      | <SQL schema manipulation statement>

  <SQL schema definition statement> ::=
        <schema definition>
      | <table definition>
      | <view definition>
      | <grant statement>
      | <domain definition>
      | <character set definition>
      | <collation definition>
      | <translation definition>
      | <assertion definition>

  <schema definition> ::=
      CREATE SCHEMA <schema name clause>
        [ <schema character set specification> ]
        [ <schema element>... ]

  <schema name clause> ::=
        <schema name>
      | AUTHORIZATION <schema authorization identifier>
      | <schema name> AUTHORIZATION
            <schema authorization identifier>

  <schema authorization identifier> ::=
      <authorization identifier>

  <schema character set specification> ::=
      DEFAULT CHARACTER
          SET <character set specification>

  <schema element> ::=
        <domain definition>
      | <table definition>
      | <view definition>
      | <grant statement>
      | <assertion definition>
      | <character set definition>
      | <collation definition>
      | <translation definition>

  <domain definition> ::=
      CREATE DOMAIN <domain name>
          [ AS ] <data type>
        [ <default clause> ]
        [ <domain constraint>... ]
        [ <collate clause> ]

  <domain constraint> ::=
      [ <constraint name definition> ]
      <check constraint definition> [ <constraint attributes> ]

  <table definition> ::=
      CREATE [ ( GLOBAL | LOCAL ) TEMPORARY ] TABLE
          <table name>
        <table element list>
        [ ON COMMIT ( DELETE | PRESERVE ) ROWS ]

  <view definition> ::=
      CREATE VIEW <table name> [ <left paren> <view column list>
                                    <right paren> ]
        AS <query expression>
        [ WITH [ <levels clause> ] CHECK OPTION ]

  <view column list> ::= <column name list>

  <levels clause> ::=
      CASCADED | LOCAL

  <grant statement> ::=
     GRANT <privileges> ON <object name>
       TO <grantee> [ ( <comma> <grantee> )... ]
         [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

  <privileges> ::=
        ALL PRIVILEGES
      | <action list>

  <action list> ::= <action> [ ( <comma> <action> )... ]

  <action> ::=
        SELECT
      | DELETE
      | INSERT [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]
      | UPDATE [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]
      | REFERENCES [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]
      | USAGE

  <privilege column list> ::= <column name list>

  <object name> ::=
        [ TABLE ] <table name>
      | DOMAIN <domain name>
      | COLLATION <collation name>
      | CHARACTER SET <character set name>
      | TRANSLATION <translation name>

  <grantee> ::=
        PUBLIC
      | <authorization identifier>

  <assertion definition> ::=
      CREATE ASSERTION <constraint name> <assertion check>
        [ <constraint attributes> ]

  <assertion check> ::=
      CHECK
          <left paren> <search condition> <right paren>

  <character set definition> ::=
      CREATE CHARACTER SET <character set name>
          [ AS ]
        <character set source>
        [ <collate clause> | <limited collation definition> ]

  <character set source> ::=
        GET <existing character set name>

  <existing character set name> ::=
        <standard character repertoire name>
      | <implementation-defined character repertoire name>
      | <schema character set name>

  <schema character set name> ::= <character set name>

  <limited collation definition> ::=
      COLLATION FROM <collation source>

  <collation source> ::=
        <collating sequence definition>
      | <translation collation>

  <collating sequence definition> ::=
        <external collation>
      | <schema collation name>
      | DESC <left paren> <collation name> <right paren>
      | DEFAULT

  <external collation> ::=
      EXTERNAL <left paren> <quote> <external collation name> <quote> <right paren>

  <external collation name> ::=
        <standard collation name>
      | <implementation-defined collation name>

  <standard collation name> ::= <collation name>

  <implementation-defined collation name> ::= <collation name>

  <schema collation name> ::= <collation name>

  <translation collation> ::=
      TRANSLATION <translation name>
          [ THEN COLLATION <collation name> ]

  <collation definition> ::=
      CREATE COLLATION <collation name> FOR
          <character set specification>
        FROM <collation source>
          [ <pad attribute> ]

  <pad attribute> ::=
        NO PAD
      | PAD SPACE

  <translation definition> ::=
      CREATE TRANSLATION <translation name>
        FOR <source character set specification>
          TO <target character set specification>
        FROM <translation source>

  <source character set specification> ::= <character set specification>

  <target character set specification> ::= <character set specification>

  <translation source> ::=
        <translation specification>

  <translation specification> ::=
        <external translation>
      | IDENTITY
      | <schema translation name>

  <external translation> ::=
      EXTERNAL <left paren> <quote> <external translation name> <quote> <right paren>

  <external translation name> ::=
        <standard translation name>
      | <implementation-defined translation name>

  <standard translation name> ::= <translation name>

  <implementation-defined translation name> ::= <translation name>

  <schema translation name> ::= <translation name>

  <SQL schema manipulation statement> ::=
        <drop schema statement>
      | <alter table statement>
      | <drop table statement>
      | <drop view statement>
      | <revoke statement>
      | <alter domain statement>
      | <drop domain statement>
      | <drop character set statement>
      | <drop collation statement>
      | <drop translation statement>
      | <drop assertion statement>

  <drop schema statement> ::=
      DROP SCHEMA <schema name> <drop behavior>

  <drop behavior> ::= CASCADE | RESTRICT

  <alter table statement> ::=
      ALTER TABLE <table name> <alter table action>

  <alter table action> ::=
        <add column definition>
      | <alter column definition>
      | <drop column definition>
      | <add table constraint definition>
      | <drop table constraint definition>

  <add column definition> ::=
      ADD [ COLUMN ] <column definition>

  <alter column definition> ::=
      ALTER [ COLUMN ] <column name> <alter column action>

  <alter column action> ::=
        <set column default clause>
      | <drop column default clause>

  <set column default clause> ::=
      SET <default clause>

  <drop column default clause> ::=
      DROP DEFAULT

  <drop column definition> ::=
      DROP [ COLUMN ] <column name> <drop behavior>

  <add table constraint definition> ::=
      ADD <table constraint definition>

  <drop table constraint definition> ::=
      DROP CONSTRAINT <constraint name> <drop behavior>

  <drop table statement> ::=
      DROP TABLE <table name> <drop behavior>

  <drop view statement> ::=
      DROP VIEW <table name> <drop behavior>

  <revoke statement> ::=
      REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
          <privileges>
          ON <object name>
        FROM <grantee> [ ( <comma> <grantee> )... ] <drop behavior>

  <alter domain statement> ::=
      ALTER DOMAIN <domain name> <alter domain action>

  <alter domain action> ::=
        <set domain default clause>
      | <drop domain default clause>
      | <add domain constraint definition>
      | <drop domain constraint definition>

  <set domain default clause> ::= SET <default clause>

  <drop domain default clause> ::= DROP DEFAULT

  <add domain constraint definition> ::=
      ADD <domain constraint>

  <drop domain constraint definition> ::=
      DROP CONSTRAINT <constraint name>

  <drop domain statement> ::=
      DROP DOMAIN <domain name> <drop behavior>

  <drop character set statement> ::=
      DROP CHARACTER SET <character set name>

  <drop collation statement> ::=
      DROP COLLATION <collation name>

  <drop translation statement> ::=
      DROP TRANSLATION <translation name>

  <drop assertion statement> ::=
      DROP ASSERTION <constraint name>

  <SQL data statement> ::=
        <open statement>
      | <fetch statement>
      | <close statement>
      | <select statement: single row>
      | <SQL data change statement>

  <open statement> ::=
      OPEN <cursor name>

  <fetch statement> ::=
      FETCH [ [ <fetch orientation> ] FROM ]
        <cursor name> INTO <fetch target list>

  <fetch orientation> ::=
        NEXT
      | PRIOR
      | FIRST
      | LAST
      | ( ABSOLUTE | RELATIVE ) <simple value specification>

  <simple value specification> ::=
        <parameter name>
      | <embedded variable name>
      | <literal>

  <fetch target list> ::=
      <target specification> [ ( <comma> <target specification> )... ]

  <target specification> ::=
        <parameter specification>
      | <variable specification>

  <close statement> ::=
      CLOSE <cursor name>

  <select statement: single row> ::=
      SELECT [ <set quantifier> ] <select list>
        INTO <select target list>
          <table expression>

  <select target list> ::=
      <target specification> [ ( <comma> <target specification> )... ]

  <SQL data change statement> ::=
        <delete statement: positioned>
      | <delete statement: searched>
      | <insert statement>
      | <update statement: positioned>
      | <update statement: searched>

  <delete statement: positioned> ::=
      DELETE FROM <table name>
        WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

  <delete statement: searched> ::=
      DELETE FROM <table name>
        [ WHERE <search condition> ]

  <insert statement> ::=
      INSERT INTO <table name>
        <insert columns and source>

  <insert columns and source> ::=
        [ <left paren> <insert column list> <right paren> ]
              <query expression>
      | DEFAULT VALUES

  <insert column list> ::= <column name list>

  <update statement: positioned> ::=
      UPDATE <table name>
        SET <set clause list>
          WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

  <set clause list> ::=
      <set clause> [ ( <comma> <set clause> )... ]

  <set clause> ::=
      <object column> <equals operator> <update source>

  <object column> ::= <column name>

  <update source> ::=
        <value expression>
      | <null specification>
      | DEFAULT

  <update statement: searched> ::=
      UPDATE <table name>
        SET <set clause list>
        [ WHERE <search condition> ]

  <SQL transaction statement> ::=
        <set transaction statement>
      | <set constraints mode statement>
      | <commit statement>
      | <rollback statement>

  <set transaction statement> ::=
      SET TRANSACTION <transaction mode>
          [ ( <comma> <transaction mode> )... ]

  <transaction mode> ::=
        <isolation level>
      | <transaction access mode>
      | <diagnostics size>

  <isolation level> ::=
      ISOLATION LEVEL <level of isolation>

  <level of isolation> ::=
        READ UNCOMMITTED
      | READ COMMITTED
      | REPEATABLE READ
      | SERIALIZABLE

  <transaction access mode> ::=
        READ ONLY
      | READ WRITE

  <diagnostics size> ::=
      DIAGNOSTICS SIZE <number of conditions>

  <number of conditions> ::= <simple value specification>

  <set constraints mode statement> ::=
      SET CONSTRAINTS <constraint name list>
          ( DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE )

  <constraint name list> ::=
        ALL
      | <constraint name> [ ( <comma> <constraint name> )... ]

  <commit statement> ::=
      COMMIT [ WORK ]

  <rollback statement> ::=
      ROLLBACK [ WORK ]

  <SQL connection statement> ::=
        <connect statement>
      | <set connection statement>
      | <disconnect statement>

  <connect statement> ::=
      CONNECT TO <connection target>

  <connection target> ::=
        <SQL-server name>
          [ AS <connection name> ]
            correspondence with Tony Gordon)
          [ USER <user name> ]
      | DEFAULT

  <SQL-server name> ::= <simple value specification>

  <connection name> ::= <simple value specification>

  <user name> ::= <simple value specification>

  <set connection statement> ::=
      SET CONNECTION <connection object>

  <connection object> ::=
        DEFAULT
      | <connection name>

  <disconnect statement> ::=
      DISCONNECT <disconnect object>

  <disconnect object> ::=
        <connection object>
      | ALL
      | CURRENT

  <SQL session statement> ::=
        <set catalog statement>
      | <set schema statement>
      | <set names statement>
      | <set session authorization identifier statement>
      | <set local time zone statement>

  <set catalog statement> ::=
      SET CATALOG <value specification>

  <value specification> ::=
        <literal>
      | <general value specification>

  <set schema statement> ::=
      SET SCHEMA <value specification>

  <set names statement> ::=
      SET NAMES <value specification>

  <set session authorization identifier statement> ::=
      SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
          <value specification>

  <set local time zone statement> ::=
      SET TIME ZONE
          <set time zone value>
  <set time zone value> ::=
        <interval value expression>
      | LOCAL

  <SQL dynamic statement> ::=
        <system descriptor statement>
      | <prepare statement>
      | <deallocate prepared statement>
      | <describe statement>
      | <execute statement>
      | <execute immediate statement>
      | <SQL dynamic data statement>

  <system descriptor statement> ::=
        <allocate descriptor statement>
      | <deallocate descriptor statement>
      | <set descriptor statement>
      | <get descriptor statement>

  <allocate descriptor statement> ::=
      ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>
         [ WITH MAX <occurrences> ]

  <descriptor name> ::=
      [ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

  <scope option> ::=
        GLOBAL
      | LOCAL

  <occurrences> ::= <simple value specification>

  <deallocate descriptor statement> ::=
      DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>

  <set descriptor statement> ::=
      SET DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>
          <set descriptor information>

  <set descriptor information> ::=
        <set count>
      | VALUE <item number>
          <set item information> [ ( <comma> <set item information> )... ]

  <set count> ::=
      COUNT <equals operator> <simple value specification 1>

  <simple value specification 1> ::= <simple value specification>

  <item number> ::= <simple value specification>

  <set item information> ::=
      <descriptor item name> <equals operator> <simple value specification 2>

  <descriptor item name> ::=
        TYPE
      | LENGTH
      | OCTET_LENGTH
      | RETURNED_LENGTH
      | RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH
      | PRECISION
      | SCALE
      | DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE
      | DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION
      | NULLABLE
      | INDICATOR
      | DATA
      | NAME
      | UNNAMED
      | COLLATION_CATALOG
      | COLLATION_SCHEMA
      | COLLATION_NAME
      | CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG
      | CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA
      | CHARACTER_SET_NAME

  <simple value specification 2> ::= <simple value specification>

  <item number> ::= <simple value specification>

  <get descriptor statement> ::=
      GET DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name> <get descriptor information>

  <get descriptor information> ::=
        <get count>
      | VALUE <item number>
          <get item information> [ ( <comma> <get item information> )... ]

  <get count> ::=
      <simple target specification 1> <equals operator>
           COUNT

  <simple target specification 1> ::= <simple target specification>

  <simple target specification> ::=
        <parameter name>
      | <embedded variable name>

  <get item information> ::=
      <simple target specification 2> <equals operator> <descriptor item name>>

  <simple target specification 2> ::= <simple target specification>

  <prepare statement> ::=
      PREPARE <SQL statement name> FROM <SQL statement variable>

  <SQL statement name> ::=
        <statement name>
      | <extended statement name>

  <extended statement name> ::=
      [ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

  <SQL statement variable> ::= <simple value specification>

  <deallocate prepared statement> ::=
      DEALLOCATE PREPARE <SQL statement name>

  <describe statement> ::=
        <describe input statement>
      | <describe output statement>

  <describe input statement> ::=
      DESCRIBE INPUT <SQL statement name> <using descriptor>

  <using descriptor> ::=
      ( USING | INTO ) SQL DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>

  <describe output statement> ::=
      DESCRIBE [ OUTPUT ] <SQL statement name> <using descriptor>

  <execute statement> ::=
      EXECUTE <SQL statement name>
        [ <result using clause> ]
        [ <parameter using clause> ]

  <result using clause> ::= <using clause>

  <using clause> ::=
        <using arguments>
      | <using descriptor>

  <using arguments> ::=
      ( USING | INTO ) <argument> [ ( <comma> <argument> )... ]

  <argument> ::= <target specification>

  <parameter using clause> ::= <using clause>

  <execute immediate statement> ::=
      EXECUTE IMMEDIATE <SQL statement variable>

  <SQL dynamic data statement> ::=
        <allocate cursor statement>
      | <dynamic open statement>
      | <dynamic fetch statement>
      | <dynamic close statement>
      | <dynamic delete statement: positioned>
      | <dynamic update statement: positioned>

  <allocate cursor statement> ::=
      ALLOCATE <extended cursor name> [ INSENSITIVE ]
          [ SCROLL ] CURSOR
        FOR <extended statement name>

  <extended cursor name> ::=
      [ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

  <dynamic open statement> ::=
      OPEN <dynamic cursor name> [ <using clause> ]

  <dynamic cursor name> ::=
        <cursor name>
      | <extended cursor name>

  <dynamic fetch statement> ::=
      FETCH [ [ <fetch orientation> ] FROM ] <dynamic cursor name>
          <using clause>

  <dynamic close statement> ::=
      CLOSE <dynamic cursor name>

  <dynamic delete statement: positioned> ::=
      DELETE FROM <table name>
        WHERE CURRENT OF
            <dynamic cursor name>

  <dynamic update statement: positioned> ::=
      UPDATE <table name>
        SET <set clause>
            [ ( <comma> <set clause> )... ]
          WHERE CURRENT OF
              <dynamic cursor name>

  <SQL diagnostics statement> ::=
      <get diagnostics statement>

  <get diagnostics statement> ::=
      GET DIAGNOSTICS <sql diagnostics information>

  <sql diagnostics information> ::=
        <statement information>
      | <condition information>

  <statement information> ::=
      <statement information item> [ ( <comma> <statement information item> )... ]

  <statement information item> ::=
      <simple target specification> <equals operator> <statement information item name>

  <statement information item name> ::=
        NUMBER
      | MORE
      | COMMAND_FUNCTION
      | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
      | ROW_COUNT

  <condition information> ::=
      EXCEPTION <condition number>
        <condition information item> [ ( <comma> <condition information item> )... ]

  <condition number> ::= <simple value specification>

  <condition information item> ::=
      <simple target specification> <equals operator> <condition information item name>

  <condition information item name> ::=
        CONDITION_NUMBER
      | RETURNED_SQLSTATE
      | CLASS_ORIGIN
      | SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
      | SERVER_NAME
      | CONNECTION_NAME
      | CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
      | CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
      | CONSTRAINT_NAME
      | CATALOG_NAME
      | SCHEMA_NAME
      | TABLE_NAME
      | COLUMN_NAME
      | CURSOR_NAME
      | MESSAGE_TEXT
      | MESSAGE_LENGTH
      | MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH

  <embedded SQL host program> ::=
        <embedded SQL Ada program>
      | <embedded SQL C program>
      | <embedded SQL COBOL program>
      | <embedded SQL Fortran program>
      | <embedded SQL MUMPS program>
      | <embedded SQL Pascal program>
      | <embedded SQL PL/I program>

  <embedded SQL Ada program> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

  <embedded SQL C program> ::=
        !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

  <embedded SQL COBOL program> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

  <embedded SQL Fortran program> ::=
      !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

  <embedded SQL MUMPS program> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

  <embedded SQL Pascal program> ::=
      !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

  <embedded SQL PL/I program> ::= !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

  <embedded SQL declare section> ::=
        <embedded SQL begin declare>
          [ <embedded character set declaration> ]
          [ <host variable definition>... ]
        <embedded SQL end declare>
      | <embedded SQL MUMPS declare>

  <embedded SQL begin declare> ::=
      <SQL prefix> BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
          [ <SQL terminator> ]

  <SQL prefix> ::=
        EXEC SQL
      | <ampersand>SQL<left paren>

  <SQL terminator> ::=
        END-EXEC
      | <semicolon>
      | <right paren>

  <embedded character set declaration> ::=
      SQL NAMES ARE <character set specification>

  <host variable definition> ::=
        <Ada variable definition>
      | <C variable definition>
      | <COBOL variable definition>
      | <Fortran variable definition>
      | <MUMPS variable definition>
      | <Pascal variable definition>
      | <PL/I variable definition>

  <Ada variable definition> ::=
      <Ada host identifier> [ ( <comma> <Ada host identifier> )... ] :
      <Ada type specification> [ <Ada initial value> ]

  <Ada type specification> ::=
        <Ada qualified type specification>
      | <Ada unqualified type specification>

  <Ada qualified type specification> ::=
        SQL_STANDARD.CHAR [ CHARACTER SET
           [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
            <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
      | SQL_STANDARD.BIT
            <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
      | SQL_STANDARD.SMALLINT
      | SQL_STANDARD.INT
      | SQL_STANDARD.REAL
      | SQL_STANDARD.DOUBLE_PRECISION
      | SQL_STANDARD.SQLCODE_TYPE
      | SQL_STANDARD.SQLSTATE_TYPE
      | SQL_STANDARD.INDICATOR_TYPE

  <Ada unqualified type specification> ::=
        CHAR
            <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
      | BIT
            <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
      | SMALLINT
      | INT
      | REAL
      | DOUBLE_PRECISION
      | SQLCODE_TYPE
      | SQLSTATE_TYPE
      | INDICATOR_TYPE

  <Ada initial value> ::=
      <Ada assignment operator> <character representation>...

  <Ada assignment operator> ::= <colon><equals operator>

  <C variable definition> ::=
        [ <C storage class> ]
        [ <C class modifier> ]
        <C variable specification>
      <semicolon>

  <C storage class> ::=
        auto
      | extern
      | static

  <C class modifier> ::= const | volatile

  <C variable specification> ::=
        <C numeric variable>
      | <C character variable>
      | <C derived variable>

  <C numeric variable> ::=
      ( long | short | float | double )
        <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ]
              [ ( <comma> <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ] )... ]

  <C initial value> ::=
      <equals operator> <character representation>...

  <C character variable> ::=
      char [ CHARACTER SET
               [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
        <C host identifier>
          <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]
          [ ( <comma> <C host identifier>
            <C array specification>
                   [ <C initial value> ] )... ]

  <C array specification> ::=
      <left bracket> <length> <right bracket>

  <C derived variable> ::=
        <C VARCHAR variable>
      | <C bit variable>

  <C VARCHAR variable> ::=
      VARCHAR [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ]
          <character set specification> ]
          <C host identifier>
              <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]
            [ ( <comma> <C host identifier>
                <C array specification>
                        [ <C initial value> ] )... ]

  <C bit variable> ::=
      BIT <C host identifier>
          <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]
        [ ( <comma> <C host identifier>
          <C array specification>
                     [ <C initial value> ] )... ]

  <COBOL variable definition> ::=
      (01|77) <COBOL host identifier> <COBOL type specification>
        [ <character representation>... ] <period>

  <COBOL type specification> ::=
        <COBOL character type>
      | <COBOL bit type>
      | <COBOL numeric type>
      | <COBOL integer type>

  <COBOL character type> ::=
      [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ]
            <character set specification> ]
      ( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ] ( X [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ] )...

  <COBOL bit type> ::=
      ( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ]
          ( B [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ] )...

  <COBOL numeric type> ::=
      ( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ]
        S <COBOL nines specification>
      [ USAGE [ IS ] ] DISPLAY SIGN LEADING SEPARATE

  <COBOL nines specification> ::=
        <COBOL nines> [ V [ <COBOL nines> ] ]
      | V <COBOL nines>

  <COBOL nines> ::= ( 9 [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ] )...

  <COBOL integer type> ::=
        <COBOL computational integer>
      | <COBOL binary integer>

  <COBOL computational integer> ::=
      ( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ] S<COBOL nines>
        [ USAGE [ IS ] ] ( COMP | COMPUTATIONAL )

  <COBOL binary integer> ::=
      ( PIC | PICTURE ) [ IS ] S<COBOL nines>
        [ USAGE [ IS ] ] BINARY

  <Fortran variable definition> ::=
      <Fortran type specification>
      <Fortran host identifier>
          [ ( <comma> <Fortran host identifier> )... ]

  <Fortran type specification> ::=
        CHARACTER [ <asterisk> <length> ]
            [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ]
                  <character set specification> ]
      | BIT [ <asterisk> <length> ]
      | INTEGER
      | REAL
      | DOUBLE PRECISION

  <MUMPS variable definition> ::=
      ( <MUMPS numeric variable> | <MUMPS character variable> )
          <semicolon>

  <MUMPS numeric variable> ::=
      <MUMPS type specification>
        <MUMPS host identifier> [ ( <comma> <MUMPS host identifier> )... ]

  <MUMPS type specification> ::=
        INT
      | DEC
            [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
      | REAL

  <MUMPS character variable> ::=
      VARCHAR <MUMPS host identifier> <MUMPS length specification>
        [ ( <comma> <MUMPS host identifier> <MUMPS length specification> )... ]

  <MUMPS length specification> ::=
      <left paren> <length> <right paren>

  <Pascal variable definition> ::=
      <Pascal host identifier> [ ( <comma> <Pascal host identifier> )... ] <colon>
        <Pascal type specification> <semicolon>

  <Pascal type specification> ::=
        PACKED ARRAY
            <left bracket> 1 <double period> <length> <right bracket>
          OF CHAR
            [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ]
                  <character set specification> ]
      | PACKED ARRAY
            <left bracket> 1 <double period> <length> <right bracket>
          OF BIT
      | INTEGER
      | REAL
      | CHAR [ CHARACTER SET
                                  [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
      | BIT

  <PL/I variable definition> ::=
      (DCL | DECLARE)
          (   <PL/I host identifier>
            | <left paren> <PL/I host identifier>
                  [ ( <comma> <PL/I host identifier> )... ] <right paren> )
      <PL/I type specification>
      [ <character representation>... ] <semicolon>

  <PL/I type specification> ::=
        ( CHAR | CHARACTER ) [ VARYING ]
            <left paren><length><right paren>
            [ CHARACTER SET
                  [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
      | BIT [ VARYING ] <left paren><length><right paren>
      | <PL/I type fixed decimal> <left paren> <precision>
            [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren>
      | <PL/I type fixed binary> [ <left paren> <precision> <right paren> ]
      | <PL/I type float binary> <left paren> <precision> <right paren>

  <PL/I type fixed decimal> ::=
        ( DEC | DECIMAL ) FIXED
      | FIXED ( DEC | DECIMAL )

  <PL/I type fixed binary> ::=
        ( BIN | BINARY ) FIXED
      | FIXED ( BIN | BINARY )

  <PL/I type float binary> ::=
        ( BIN | BINARY ) FLOAT
      | FLOAT ( BIN | BINARY )

  <embedded SQL end declare> ::=
      <SQL prefix> END DECLARE SECTION
          [ <SQL terminator> ]

  <embedded SQL MUMPS declare> ::=
      <SQL prefix>
        BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
          [ <embedded character set declaration> ]
          [ <host variable definition>... ]
        END DECLARE SECTION
      <SQL terminator>

  <embedded SQL statement> ::=
      <SQL prefix>
        <statement or declaration>
      [ <SQL terminator> ]

  <statement or declaration> ::=
        <declare cursor>
      | <dynamic declare cursor>
      | <temporary table declaration>
      | <embedded exception declaration>
      | <SQL procedure statement>

  <embedded exception declaration> ::=
      WHENEVER <condition> <condition action>

  <condition> ::=
      SQLERROR | NOT FOUND

  <condition action> ::=
      CONTINUE | <go to>

  <go to> ::=
      ( GOTO | GO TO ) <goto target>

  <goto target> ::=
        <host label identifier>
      | <unsigned integer>
      | <host PL/I label variable>

  <host label identifier> ::= !!<EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

  <host PL/I label variable> ::= !!<EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

  <preparable statement> ::=
        <preparable SQL data statement>
      | <preparable SQL schema statement>
      | <preparable SQL transaction statement>
      | <preparable SQL session statement>
      | <preparable implementation-defined statement>

  <preparable SQL data statement> ::=
        <delete statement: searched>
      | <dynamic single row select statement>
      | <insert statement>
      | <dynamic select statement>
      | <update statement: searched>
      | <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned>
      | <preparable dynamic update statement: positioned>

  <dynamic single row select statement> ::= <query specification>

  <dynamic select statement> ::= <cursor specification>

  <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned> ::=
     DELETE [ FROM <table name> ]
        WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

  <preparable dynamic update statement: positioned> ::=
     UPDATE [ <table name> ]
        SET <set clause list>
        WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

  <preparable SQL schema statement> ::=
        <SQL schema statement>

  <preparable SQL transaction statement> ::=
        <SQL transaction statement>

  <preparable SQL session statement> ::=
        <SQL session statement>

  <preparable implementation-defined statement> ::=
      !! <EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules.)

  <direct SQL statement> ::=
      <directly executable statement> <semicolon>

  <directly executable statement> ::=
        <direct SQL data statement>
      | <SQL schema statement>
      | <SQL transaction statement>
      | <SQL connection statement>
      | <SQL session statement>
      | <direct implementation-defined statement>

  <direct SQL data statement> ::=
        <delete statement: searched>
      | <direct select statement: multiple rows>
      | <insert statement>
      | <update statement: searched>
      | <temporary table declaration>

  <direct select statement: multiple rows> ::=
      <query expression> [ <order by clause> ]

  <direct implementation-defined statement> ::=
      !!<EMPHASIS>(See the Syntax Rules)

  <SQL object identifier> ::=
      <SQL provenance> <SQL variant>

  <SQL provenance> ::= <arc1> <arc2> <arc3>

  <arc1> ::= iso | 1 | iso <left paren> 1 <right paren>

  <arc2> ::= standard | 0 | standard <left paren> 0 <right paren>

  <arc3> ::= 9075

  <SQL variant> ::= <SQL edition> <SQL conformance>

  <SQL edition> ::= <1987> | <1989> | <1992>

  <1987> ::= 0 | edition1987 <left paren> 0 <right paren>

  <1989> ::= <1989 base> <1989 package>

  <1989 base> ::= 1 | edition1989 <left paren> 1 <right paren>

  <1989 package> ::= <integrity no> | <integrity yes>
  <integrity no> ::= 0 | IntegrityNo <left paren> 0 <right paren>

  <integrity yes> ::= 1 | IntegrityYes <left paren> 1 <right paren>

  <1992> ::= 2 | edition1992 <left paren> 2 <right paren>

  <SQL conformance> ::= <low> | <intermediate> | <high>

  <low> ::= 0 | Low <left paren> 0 <right paren>

  <intermediate> ::= 1 | Intermediate <left paren> 1 <right paren>

  <high> ::= 2 | High <left paren> 2 <right paren>



  AH.  Appendix B - SQL Tutorial for beginners


  AH.1.  Tutorial for PostgreSQL

  SQL tutorial is also distributed with PostgreSQL. The SQL tutorial
  scripts is in the directory src/tutorial

  AH.2.  Internet URL pointers

  The SQL tutorial for beginners can be found at

  ·  <http://w3.one.net/~jhoffman/sqltut.htm>

     Comments or suggestions? Mail to

  ·  Jim Hoffman jhoffman@one.net

     The following are the sites suggested by John Hoffman:

  ·  SQL Reference  <http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~shadow/sql.html>

  ·  Ask the SQL Pro  <http://www.inquiry.com/techtips/thesqlpro/>

  ·  SQL Pro's Relational DB Useful Sites
     <http://www.inquiry.com/techtips/thesqlpro/usefulsites.html>

  ·  Programmer's Source  <http://infoweb.magi.com/~steve/develop.html>

  ·  DBMS Sites  <http://info.itu.ch/special/wwwfiles> Go here and see
     file comp_db.html

  ·  DB Ingredients  <http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/databases/f017.html>

  ·  Web Authoring  <http://www.stars.com/Tutorial/CGI/>

  ·  Computing Dictionary  <http://wfn-shop.princeton.edu/cgi-
     bin/foldoc>

  ·  DBMS Lab/Links  <http://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/db.html>

  ·  SQL FAQ
     <http://epoch.CS.Berkeley.EDU:8000/sequoia/dba/montage/FAQ> Go here
     and see file SQL_TOC.html

  ·  SQL Databases  <http://chaos.mur.csu.edu.au/itc125/cgi/sqldb.html>

  ·  RIT Database Design Page
     <http://www.it.rit.edu/~wjs/IT/199602/icsa720/icsa720postings.html>
  ·  Database Jump Site  <http://www.pcslink.com/~ej/dbweb.html>

  ·  Programming Tutorials on the Web
     <http://www.eng.uc.edu/~jtilley/tutorial.html>

  ·  Development Resources
     <http://www.ndev.com/ndc2/support/resources.htp>

  ·  Query List  <http://ashok.pair.com/sql.htm>

  ·  IMAGE SQL Miscellaneous
     <http://jazz.external.hp.com/training/sqltables/main.html>

  ·  Internet Resource List  <http://www.eit.com/web/netservices.html>

  AI.  Appendix C - Linux Quick Install Instructions

  If you are planning to use PostgreSQL on Linux, and need help in
  installing Linux, then please visit the pointers given in this
  Appendix. They cover the following topics -

  ·  Salient Features of Linux - Why Linux is better as a database
     server when compared with Windows 95/NT

  ·  10 minutes Linux Quick Install Instructions

  ·  Microsoft-Linux Analogy List

  ·  Quick Steps to Recompile the Linux Kernel


  ·  Main site is at  <http://www.aldev.8m.com>

  ·  Mirror site  <http://www.aldev.webjump.com>

  ·  Mirror site  <http://www.homepages.infoseek.com/~aldev1/index.html>

  ·  Mirror site  <http://www3.bcity.com/aldev/>

  ·  Mirror site  <http://www.members.spree.com/technology/aldev/>



