To cite pmsims, please cite the package and either or both accompanying papers.

Carr E, Forbes G, Olaniran R, Shamsutdinova D, Stahl D, Markham S, Zimmer F (2026). pmsims: Simulation-based Sample Size Tools for Prediction Models. R package version 1.0.0, https://pmsims-package.github.io/pmsims/.

Shamsutdinova D, Zimmer F, Olaniran O, Markham S, Stahl D, Forbes G, Carr E (2026). “Sample Size Calculations for Developing Clinical Prediction Models: Overview and pmsims R package.” arXiv, arXiv:2602.23507. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2602.23507. Preprint, https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.23507.

Olaniran O, Shamsutdinova D, Markham S, Zimmer F, Stahl D, Forbes G, Carr E (2026). “Adaptive Gaussian process search for simulation-based sample size estimation in clinical prediction models: validation of the pmsims R package.” BMC Medical Research Methodology. doi:10.1186/s12874-026-02935-9.

The validation paper is published in BMC Medical Research Methodology. The overview paper is currently an arXiv preprint; that citation should be updated once the peer-reviewed article is available.

Corresponding BibTeX entries:

  @Manual{,
    title = {pmsims: Simulation-based Sample Size Tools for Prediction
      Models},
    author = {Ewan Carr and Gordon Forbes and Ridwan Olaniran and Diana
      Shamsutdinova and Daniel Stahl and Sarah Markham and Felix
      Zimmer},
    year = {2026},
    note = {R package version 1.0.0},
    url = {https://pmsims-package.github.io/pmsims/},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {Sample Size Calculations for Developing Clinical
      Prediction Models: Overview and pmsims R package},
    author = {Diana Shamsutdinova and Felix Zimmer and Oyebayo Ridwan
      Olaniran and Sarah Markham and Daniel Stahl and Gordon Forbes and
      Ewan Carr},
    year = {2026},
    journal = {arXiv},
    volume = {arXiv:2602.23507},
    doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2602.23507},
    url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.23507},
    note = {Preprint},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {Adaptive Gaussian process search for simulation-based
      sample size estimation in clinical prediction models: validation
      of the pmsims R package},
    author = {Oyebayo Ridwan Olaniran and Diana Shamsutdinova and Sarah
      Markham and Felix Zimmer and Daniel Stahl and Gordon Forbes and
      Ewan Carr},
    year = {2026},
    journal = {BMC Medical Research Methodology},
    doi = {10.1186/s12874-026-02935-9},
  }